scholarly journals High-Volume Light-Load Strength Training, but Not Low-Volume Heavy-Load Strength Training Increases Corticospinal Excitability

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rhys Painter ◽  
Simin Rahman ◽  
Woo Kim ◽  
Ummatul Siddique ◽  
Ashlyn Frazer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Low Volume

Purpose: To determine whether corticospinal excitability (CSE) and inhibition are differentially modulated following high-volume light-load strength training compared to low-volume heavy-load strength training. We hypothesised high-volume light-load strength training would increase CSE and low-volume heavy-load strength training would reduce intracortical inhibition. Methods: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess CSE, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and silent period duration (SP) following high-volume light-load strength training (n = 9), low-volume heavy-load strength training (n = 8) compared to a control group (n = 10). Twenty-seven participants completed either (1) low-volume heavy-load strength training (80% one-repetition maximum [1RM]); (2) high-volume light-load strength training (20% 1-RM) or (3) a control condition. CSE, SICI and SP were measured using TMS at baseline and four time-points over a 60 min post-exercise period. Results: CSE increased rapidly (within 5 min post-exercise) for high-volume light-load strength training and remained elevated for 60 min compared to low-volume heavy-load strength training and control groups. There were no differences following any training for reduced SICI or SP. Conclusion: These results suggest that high-volume light-load strength training increases the excitability of corticospinal neurons and this increase is likely to be the predominant mechanism for increasing CSE for up to 60 min post training. It may be possible that a greater number of ST sessions are required to observe any differences in the excitability of the intrinsic inhibitory motor-network following high-volume light-load strength training and low-volume heavy-load strength training.

Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1558-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Lundbye Jensen ◽  
Peter C. D. Marstrand ◽  
Jens B. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Learning Group

Changes in corticospinal excitability induced by 4 wk of heavy strength training or visuomotor skill learning were investigated in 24 healthy human subjects. Measurements of the input-output relation for biceps brachii motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation were obtained at rest and during voluntary contraction in the course of the training. The training paradigms induced specific changes in the motor performance capacity of the subjects. The strength training group increased maximal dynamic and isometric muscle strength by 31% ( P < 0.001) and 12.5% ( P = 0.045), respectively. The skill learning group improved skill performance significantly ( P < 0.001). With one training bout, the only significant change in transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters was an increase in skill learning group maximal MEP level (MEPmax) at rest ( P = 0.02) for subjects performing skill training. With repeated skill training three times per week for 4 wk, MEPmax increased and the minimal stimulation intensity required to elicit MEPs decreased significantly at rest and during contraction ( P < 0.05). In contrast, MEPmax and the slope of the input-output relation both decreased significantly at rest but not during contraction in the strength-trained subjects ( P ≤ 0.01). No significant changes were observed in a control group. A significant correlation between changes in neurophysiological parameters and motor performance was observed for skill learning but not strength training. The data show that increased corticospinal excitability may develop over several weeks of skill training and indicate that these changes may be of importance for task acquisition. Because strength training was not accompanied by similar changes, the data suggest that different adaptive changes are involved in neural adaptation to strength training.

scholarly journals Effects of different aerobic exercise programmes with nutritional intervention in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and hypertension: EXERDIET-HTA study

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilargi Gorostegi-Anduaga ◽  
Pablo Corres ◽  
Aitor MartinezAguirre-Betolaza ◽  
Javier Pérez-Asenjo ◽  
G Rodrigo Aispuru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Exercise Programmes

Background Both exercise training and diet are recommended to prevent and control hypertension and overweight/obesity. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different 16-week aerobic exercise programmes with hypocaloric diet on blood pressure, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and pharmacological treatment. Methods Overweight/obese, sedentary participants ( n = 175, aged 54.0 ± 8.2 years) with hypertension were randomly assigned into an attention control group (physical activity recommendations) or one of three supervised exercise groups (2 days/week: high-volume with 45 minutes of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), high-volume and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), alternating high and moderate intensities, and low-volume HIIT (20 minutes)). All variables were assessed pre- and post-intervention. All participants received the same hypocaloric diet. Results Following the intervention, there was a significant reduction in blood pressure and body mass in all groups with no between-group differences for blood pressure. However, body mass was significantly less reduced in the attention control group compared with all exercise groups (attention control –6.6%, high-volume MICT –8.3%, high-volume HIIT –9.7%, low-volume HIIT –6.9%). HIIT groups had significantly higher cardiorespiratory fitness than high-volume MICT, but there were no significant between-HIIT differences (attention control 16.4%, high-volume MICT 23.6%, high-volume HIIT 36.7%, low-volume HIIT 30.5%). Medication was removed in 7.6% and reduced in 37.7% of the participants. Conclusions The combination of hypocaloric diet with supervised aerobic exercise 2 days/week offers an optimal non-pharmacological tool in the management of blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in overweight/obese and sedentary individuals with hypertension. High-volume HIIT seems to be better for reducing body mass compared with low-volume HIIT. The exercise-induced improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness is intensity dependent with low-volume HIIT as a time-efficient method in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT02283047.

scholarly journals Priming anodal transcranial direct current stimulation attenuates short interval intracortical inhibition and increases time to task failure of a constant workload cycling exercise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simranjit K Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Fatigue Cycling ◽  
Task Failure

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique has been shown to increase the excitability of targeted brain area and influence endurance exercise performance. However, tDCS-mediated interaction between corticospinal excitability, GABAA mediated intracortical inhibition and endurance exercise performance remains understudied. In two separate sessions, twelve subjects performed fatigue cycling exercise (80% peak power output) sustained to task failure in a double-blinded design, following either ten minutes of anodal tDCS (atDCS) or sham. Corticospinal excitability and short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were measured at baseline, post neuromodulation and post-exercise using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a resting hand muscle. There was a greater a decrease in SICI (P < 0.05) post fatigue cycling with atDCS priming compared to sham. Time to task failure (TTF) was significantly increased following atDCS compared to sham (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that atDCS applied over the motor cortex can augment cycling exercise performance; and this outcome may be mediated via a decrease in the excitability of GABAA inhibitory interneurons.

scholarly journals Determining the early corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to strength training: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Mason ◽  
Ashlyn K. Frazer ◽  
Alan J. Pearce ◽  
Alicia M. Goodwill ◽  
Glyn Howatson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Intracortical Circuits ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Several studies have used transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe the corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to a single session of strength training; however, the findings are inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether a single bout of strength training affects the excitability and inhibition of intracortical circuits of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the corticospinal-motoneuronal pathway. A systematic review was completed, tracking studies between January 1990 and May 2018. The methodological quality of studies was determined using the Downs and Black quality index. Data were synthesised and interpreted from meta-analysis. Nine studies (n=107) investigating the acute corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to strength training met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses detected that after strength training compared to control, corticospinal excitability [standardised mean difference (SMD), 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88, 1.63; p<0.0001] and intracortical facilitation (ICF) (SMD, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.18, 3.02; p=0.003) were increased. The duration of the corticospinal silent period was reduced (SMD, −17.57; 95% CI, −21.12, −14.01; p=0.00001), but strength training had no effect on the excitability of the intracortical inhibitory circuits [short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) SMD, 1.01; 95% CI, −1.67, 3.69; p=0.46; long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) SMD, 0.50; 95% CI, −1.13, 2.13; p=0.55]. Strength training increased the excitability of corticospinal axons (SMD, 4.47; 95% CI, 3.45, 5.49; p<0.0001). This systematic review and meta-analyses revealed that the acute neural changes to strength training involve subtle changes along the entire neuroaxis from the M1 to the spinal cord. These findings suggest that strength training is a clinically useful tool to modulate intracortical circuits involved in motor control.

scholarly journals Short-Term Performance Effects of Three Different Low-Volume Strength-Training Programmes in College Male Soccer Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Brito ◽  
Fabrício Vasconcellos ◽  
José Oliveira ◽  
Peter Krustrup ◽  
António Rebelo
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Training Programmes

Abstract This study aimed to analyse the short-term performance effects of three in-season low-volume strength-training programmes in college male soccer players. Fifty-seven male college soccer players (age: 20.31.6 years) were randomly assigned to a resistance-training group (n=12), plyometric training group (n=12), complex training group (n=12), or a control group (n=21). In the mid-season, players underwent a 9-week strength-training programme, with two 20 min training sessions per week. Short-term effects on strength, sprint, agility, and vertical jump abilities were measured. All training groups increased 1-RM squat (range, 17.2-24.2%), plantar flexion (29.1-39.6%), and knee extension (0.5- 22.2%) strength compared with the control group (p<0.05). The resistance-training group increased concentric peak torque of the knee extensor muscles by 9.9-13.7%, and changes were greater compared with the control group (p<0.05). The complex training group presented major increments (11.7%) in eccentric peak torque of the knee flexor muscles on the non-dominant limb compared with the control group and plyometric training group (p<0.05). All training groups improved 20-m sprint performance by 4.6-6.2% (p<0.001) compared with the control group. No differences were observed in 5-m sprint and agility performances (p>0.05). Overall, the results suggest that in-season low-volume strength training is adequate for developing strength and speed in soccer players.

scholarly journals Writing's Shadow: Corticospinal Activation during Letter Observation

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1138-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nakatsuka ◽  
Mohamed Nasreldin Thabit ◽  
Satoko Koganemaru ◽  
Ippei Nojima ◽  
Hidenao Fukuyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
F Wave ◽  
The Right

We can recognize handwritten letters despite the variability among writers. One possible strategy is exploiting the motor memory of orthography. By using TMS, we clarified the excitatory and inhibitory neural circuits of the motor corticospinal pathway that might be activated during the observation of handwritten letters. During experiments, participants looked at the handwritten or printed single letter that appeared in a random order. The excitability of the left and right primary motor cortex (M1) was evaluated by motor-evoked potentials elicited by single-pulse TMS. Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) of the left M1 was evaluated using paired-pulse TMS. F waves were measured for the right ulnar nerve. We found significant reduction of corticospinal excitability only for the right hand at 300–400 msec after each letter presentation without significant changes in SICI. This suppression is likely to be of supraspinal origin, because of no significant alteration in F-wave amplitudes. These findings suggest that the recognition of handwritten letters may include the implicit knowledge of “writing” in M1. The M1 activation associated with that process, which has been shown in previous neuroimaging studies, is likely to reflect the active suppression of the corticospinal excitability.

scholarly journals Effect of Different HIIT Protocols on the Glycemic Control and Lipids Profile in Men with type 2 diabetes: A Randomize Control Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hessam Golshan ◽  
Mohammadreza Esmaelzadeh Toloee ◽  
Hamid Abbasi ◽  
Nasim Namiranian
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Objective: : High intensity interval training (HIITs) can induce weight control, lowering blood pressure and beneficial effects on cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetic patients. The effect of different volumes of these exercises is unclear in type 2 diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of low volume and high volume of short-term intensive training on glycemic indexes of men with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Thirty type 2 diabetes male patients who were referred to Yazd diabetes research center (30 - 46 years old) were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups of low and high volume HIITs groups and control group. The intensity of the exercises in low volume was up to 110% and in high volume up to 80% of the maximum heart rate. The two training groups performed exercises 3 days of week for 8 weeks. Glycemic factors and lipids profile were measured before and after the last training session. Data were analyzed by covariance and paired T-test. Results: Low volume HIIT exercises significantly decreased the glucose ( P -value: 0.01), HbA1c ( P -value: 0.01), insulin ( P -value: 0.005), insulin resistance ( P -value: 0.001), and triglyceride ( P -value: 0.04). Low volume HIIT in the insulin resistance had a significant difference with the control group ( P -value: 0.04). High density lipoprotein in high volume group had a significant difference with the control group ( P -value: 0.021). Conclusion: Low-volume HIIT exercises can be a nonpharmacological approach to improving glycemic factors in type 2 diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Distributed cortical structural properties contribute to motor cortical excitability and inhibition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Dayan ◽  
Virginia López-Alonso ◽  
Sook-Lei Liew ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Support Vector

AbstractThe link between the local structure of the primary motor cortex and motor function has been well documented. However, motor function relies on a network of interconnected brain regions and the link between the structural properties characterizing these distributed brain networks and motor function remains poorly understood. Here, we examined whether distributed patterns of brain structure, extending beyond the primary motor cortex can help classify two forms of motor function: corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition. To this effect, we recorded high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging scans in 25 healthy volunteers. To measure corticospinal excitability and inhibition in the same volunteers we recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in a separate session. Support vector machine (SVM) pattern classification was used to identify distributed multivoxel gray matter areas, which distinguished subjects who had lower and higher MEPs and SICIs. We found that MEP and SICI classification could be predicted based on a widely distributed, largely non-overlapping pattern of voxels in the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and cerebellar regions. Thus, structural properties distributed over the brain beyond the primary motor cortex relate to motor function.

scholarly journals Human Theta Burst Stimulation Combined with Subsequent Electroacupuncture Increases Corticospinal Excitability

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiali Li ◽  
Meng Ren ◽  
Wenjing Wang ◽  
Shutian Xu ◽  
Sicong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Conduction Time ◽  
Theta Burst Stimulation ◽  
Burst Stimulation ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Theta Burst

Objective. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a widely used noninvasive brain stimulation for the facilitation of corticospinal excitability (CSE). Previous studies have shown that acupuncture applied to acupoints associated with motor function in healthy people can reduce the amplitude of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), which reflects the inhibition of CSE. In our work, we wanted to test whether the combination of iTBS and electroacupuncture (EA) would have different effects on CSE in humans. Methods. A single-blind sham-controlled crossover design study was conducted on 20 healthy subjects. Subjects received 20 minutes’ sham or real EA stimulation immediately after sham or real iTBS. MEPs, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), cortical silent period (CSP), and central motor conduction time (CMCT) were recorded before each trial, and immediately, 20 minutes, and 40 minutes after the end of stimulation. Results. In the sham iTBS group, EA produced a reduction in MEPs amplitude, lasting approximately 40 minutes, while in the real iTBS group, EA significantly increased MEPs amplitude beyond 40 minutes after the end of stimulation. In sham EA group, the recorded MEPs amplitude showed no significant trend over time compared to baseline. Among all experiments, there were no significant changes in SICI, ICF, CSP, CMCT, etc. Conclusion. These data indicate that immediate application of EA after iTBS significantly increased corticospinal excitability. This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration no. ChiCTR1900025348).

scholarly journals Neurophysiological correlates of aging-related muscle weakness

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2563-2573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ela B. Plow ◽  
David A. Cunningham ◽  
Corin Bonnett ◽  
Dina Gohar ◽  
Mehmed Bayram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Weakness ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Voluntary Activation ◽  
Interhemispheric Inhibition

Muscle weakness associated with aging implicates central neural degeneration. However, role of the primary motor cortex (M1) is poorly understood, despite evidence that gains in strength in younger adults are associated with its adaptations. We investigated whether weakness of biceps brachii in aging analogously relates to processes in M1. We enrolled 20 young (22.6 ± 0.87 yr) and 28 old (74.79 ± 1.37 yr) right-handed participants. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, representation of biceps in M1 was identified. We examined the effect of age and sex on strength of left elbow flexion, voluntary activation of biceps, corticospinal excitability and output, and short-interval intracortical and interhemispheric inhibition. Interhemispheric inhibition was significantly exaggerated in the old ( P = 0.047), while strength tended to be lower ( P = 0.075). Overall, women were weaker ( P < 0.001). Processes of M1 related to strength or voluntary activation of biceps, but only in older adults. Corticospinal excitability was lower in weaker individuals ( r = 0.38), and corticospinal output, intracortical inhibition and interhemispheric inhibition were reduced too in individuals who poorly activated biceps ( r = 0.43, 0.54 and 0.38). Lower intracortical inhibition may reflect compensation for reduced corticospinal excitability, allowing weaker older adults to spread activity in M1 to recruit synergists and attempt to sustain motor output. Exaggerated interhemispheric inhibition, however, conflicts with previous evidence, potentially related to greater callosal damage in our older sample, our choice of proximal vs. distal muscle and differing influence of measurement of inhibition in rest vs. active states of muscle. Overall, age-specific relation of M1 to strength and muscle activation emphasizes that its adaptations only emerge when necessitated, as in a weakening neuromuscular system in aging.

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