scholarly journals Arousal dynamics drive vocal production in marmoset monkeys

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 753-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy I. Borjon ◽  
Daniel Y. Takahashi ◽  
Diego C. Cervantes ◽  
Asif A. Ghazanfar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
State Space ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Vocal Production ◽  
Call Production ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Cardiac Deceleration ◽  
Contact Calls ◽  
Mayer Wave ◽  
Marmoset Monkeys

Vocal production is the result of interacting cognitive and autonomic processes. Despite claims that changes in one interoceptive state (arousal) govern primate vocalizations, we know very little about how it influences their likelihood and timing. In this study we investigated the role of arousal during naturally occurring vocal production in marmoset monkeys. Throughout each session, naturally occurring contact calls are produced more quickly, and with greater probability, during higher levels of arousal, as measured by heart rate. On average, we observed a steady increase in heart rate 23 s before the production of a call. Following call production, there is a sharp and steep cardiac deceleration lasting ∼8 s. The dynamics of cardiac fluctuations around a vocalization cannot be completely predicted by the animal's respiration or movement. Moreover, the timing of vocal production was tightly correlated to the phase of a 0.1-Hz autonomic nervous system rhythm known as the Mayer wave. Finally, a compilation of the state space of arousal dynamics during vocalization illustrated that perturbations to the resting state space increase the likelihood of a call occurring. Together, these data suggest that arousal dynamics are critical for spontaneous primate vocal production, not only as a robust predictor of the likelihood of vocal onset but also as scaffolding on which behavior can unfold.

scholarly journals Cooperative vocal control in marmoset monkeys via vocal feedback

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 274-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Yoon Choi ◽  
Daniel Y. Takahashi ◽  
Asif A. Ghazanfar
Keyword(s):  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Vocal Production ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Vocal Control ◽  
Contact Calls ◽  
Drive Systems ◽  
High Level ◽  
Marmoset Monkeys

Humans adjust speech amplitude as a function of distance from a listener; we do so in a manner that would compensate for such distance. This ability is presumed to be the product of high-level sociocognitive skills. Nonhuman primates are thought to lack such socially related flexibility in vocal production. Using predictions from a simple arousal-based model whereby vocal feedback from a conspecific modulates the drive to produce a vocalization, we tested whether another primate exhibits this type of cooperative vocal control. We conducted a playback experiment with marmoset monkeys and simulated “far-away” and “nearby” conspecifics using contact calls that differed in sound intensity. We found that marmoset monkeys increased the amplitude of their contact calls and produced such calls with shorter response latencies toward more distant conspecifics. The same was not true in response to changing levels of background noise. To account for how simulated conspecific distance can change both the amplitude and timing of vocal responses, we developed a model that incorporates dynamic interactions between the auditory system and limbic “drive” systems. Overall, our data show that, like humans, marmoset monkeys cooperatively control the acoustics of their vocalizations according to changes in listener distance, increasing the likelihood that a conspecific will hear their call. However, we propose that such cooperative vocal control is a system property that does not necessitate any particularly advanced sociocognitive skill. At least in marmosets, this vocal control can be parsimoniously explained by the regulation of arousal states across two interacting individuals via vocal feedback.

scholarly journals Development of a Classical Conditioning Task for Humans Examining Phasic Heart Rate Responses to Signaled Appetitive Stimuli: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Sayão ◽  
Heloisa Alves ◽  
Emi Furukawa ◽  
Thomas Schultz Wenk ◽  
Mauricio Cagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Cardiac Responses ◽  
Cardiac Deceleration ◽  
Appetitive Stimuli ◽  
Autonomic Changes ◽  
Food Images

Cardiac responses to appetitive stimuli have been studied as indices of motivational states and attentional processes, the former being associated with cardiac acceleration and latter deceleration. Very few studies have examined heart rate changes in appetitive classical conditioning in humans. The current study describes the development and pilot testing of a classical conditioning task to assess cardiac responses to appetitive stimuli and cues that reliably precede them. Data from 18 adults were examined. They were shown initially neutral visual stimuli (putative CS) on a computer screen followed by pictures of high-caloric food (US). Phasic cardiac deceleration to food images was observed, consistent with an orienting response to motivationally significant stimuli. Similar responses were observed to non-appetitive stimuli when they were preceded by the cue associated with the food images, suggesting that attentional processes were engaged by conditioned stimuli. These autonomic changes provide significant information about classical conditioning effects in humans.

scholarly journals Vocal and locomotor coordination develops in association with the autonomic nervous system

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan L Gustison ◽  
Jeremy I Borjon ◽  
Daniel Y Takahashi ◽  
Asif A Ghazanfar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Arousal Level ◽  
Vocal Development ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors ◽  
Marmoset Monkeys

In adult animals, movement and vocalizations are coordinated, sometimes facilitating, and at other times inhibiting, each other. What is missing is how these different domains of motor control become coordinated over the course of development. We investigated how postural-locomotor behaviors may influence vocal development, and the role played by physiological arousal during their interactions. Using infant marmoset monkeys, we densely sampled vocal, postural and locomotor behaviors and estimated arousal fluctuations from electrocardiographic measures of heart rate. We found that vocalizations matured sooner than postural and locomotor skills, and that vocal-locomotor coordination improved with age and during elevated arousal levels. These results suggest that postural-locomotor maturity is not required for vocal development to occur, and that infants gradually improve coordination between vocalizations and body movement through a process that may be facilitated by arousal level changes.

Telemetered Heart Rate as a Psychophysiological Correlate of Mother-Child Interaction, by K. Michael Hong, M.D., Douglas M. Bowden, M.D., and Kate L. Kogan, Ph.D

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-601
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Transition Analysis ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Cardiac Deceleration ◽  
Behavioral Interaction ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Naturalistic Setting ◽  
The Relationship

Heart rate was telemetered from 6 preschool children during play sessions with their mothers. Their behavioral interaction was simultaneously recorded on videotape and rated on three dimensions of interaction: status (submission- dominance), affect (hostility-warmth), and degree of involvement; 100 specific behaviors were coded in consecutive 4-second epochs. In exploring the relationship between heart rate and the behavioral measures, we applied two kinds of analysis—state analysis and transition analysis. The usefulness of recording heart rate in a naturalistic setting was demonstrated by replicating the finding from more rigidly defined experiments that intense looking at an object is associated with cardiac deceleration. New findings were that submissive status and warm affect of the child and dominant status and warm affect of the mother were associated with low heart rate in the child and that the onset of smiling was associated with cardiac deceleration in most situations. The study demonstrates the feasibility and some of the potential uses of continuously telemetered heart rate for analyzing interactional and physiological variables in a naturalistic setting.

Naturally occurring hypertension in New World nonhuman primates: potential role of the perifornical hypothalamus

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (2) ◽  
pp. R937-R945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orville A. Smith ◽  
Cliff A. Astley
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
New World ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Hypertension is a prominent underlying factor in the genesis of cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. A major impediment to the investigation into the causes of the disease is the paucity of naturally occurring animal models of the disease. There is evidence that some species of New World primates spontaneously become hypertensive. We used chronically implanted pressure transducers to assess normally occurring blood pressure and heart rate levels at rest and during routine laboratory procedures in a group of one of these New World primates ( Aotus sp.). Resting mean arterial pressure ranged from 72 to 130 mmHg. Three animals were judged to have resting mean arterial pressure levels in the hypertensive range (≥110 mmHg). In all of the animals, pressor responses to routine laboratory events were exaggerated (average highest mean pressure during 1 min from any session was 97–196 mmHg). Subsequently, the region of the perifornical/lateral hypothalamus known to produce elevated blood pressure and heart rate responses to electrical stimulation was removed, and the blood pressure responses to the laboratory routines were significantly decreased and, in some cases, eliminated. Control lesions in nearby tissue had no effect on these responses. This region may play a critical role in initiating or exacerbating cardiovascular responses that contribute to the development of essential hypertension.

Cardiovascular effects of vanadate in the dog

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (1) ◽  
pp. H47-H56 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Inciarte ◽  
R. P. Steffen ◽  
D. E. Dobbins ◽  
B. T. Swindall ◽  
J. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Intracoronary Infusion ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Artery Flow

We have investigated the cardiovascular actions of vanadate, a naturally occurring Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, in six series of pentobarbitalized dogs. In three of the series, isomotic sodium vanadate was infused intravenously at progressively faster rates while arterial pressure and other parameters were measured. In two other series, the solution was infused directly into the coronary artery with coronary flow held constant during measurement of perfusion pressure, left ventricular contractile force (LVCF), and dP/dt. In one series, the agent was infused into the brachial artery with brachial artery flow held constant, and small and large vessel resistances in skin and muscle were calculated. Intravenous infusion increased arterial pressure and reduced cardiac output, the latter resulting from both decreased heart rate and stroke volume. LVCF fell. Total peripheral, pulmonary, coronary, and renal resistances rose. Coronary and renal flows fell, and the latter was associated with reduced urine flow. Intracoronary infusion raised coronary resistance, but had little effect on heart rate, LVCF, and dP/dt. Intrabrachial infusion raisedthe resistance to flow through all components of the forelimb vascular bed. Thus, in the dog, vanadate activates vascular smooth muscle, but has little effect on cardiac muscle. In the latter respect, its action differs from that of ouabain.

scholarly journals Blood pressure variability from intra-arterial recordings in humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Adam Mukadam ◽  
Naveen Gangadharan ◽  
Bowya Baskaran ◽  
S Baskaran ◽  
Kandasamy Subramani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Total Magnitude ◽  
Mayer Wave ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Respiratory Variability

AbstractSystolic and diastolic blood pressures are reported as single point values by the non-invasive techniques used in clinical practice, while, in fact, they are highly varying signals. The objective of this study was to document the magnitude of variation of systolic and diastolic pressures over a few minutes by analysing intra-arterial pressure recordings made in 51 haemodynamically stable patients in an intensive care unit. Intra-arterial pressure data were acquired by a validated data acquisition system. Fast-Flush test was performed and the dynamic characteristics of the catheter transducer system namely natural frequency and damping co-efficient were calculated. Only those recordings with acceptable dynamic characteristics were included in the analysis. Power spectral calculation using the Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the pressure recording revealed two frequency peaks below the peak at heart rate. The lower and higher frequency peaks below the heart rate peak are referred to as Mayer and Traube waves in this study. Mayer wave peaks were observed in DFT spectra of 49 out of 51 patients. The Mayer wave frequency peaks ranged between 0.045 Hz to 0.065 Hz in 41 out of 51 patients. The frequency of Traube waves or the respiratory variations was more than 0.14 Hz. Three categories of systolic and diastolic pressure variabilities namely beat-to-beat variability, Respiratory variability (Traube wave amplitude) and Total magnitude of variation are reported for all 51 patients. The mean systolic and diastolic pressure variations (in a period of about 10 minutes) in the study sample were 21 ± 9 mm Hg and 14 ± 5 mm Hg respectively. Given the magnitude of systolic and diastolic pressure variations over a few minutes, the validity of reporting single point values for these pressures and using single point cut-offs for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension must be re-evaluated.

scholarly journals Digital Cardiovascular Biomarker Responses to Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation: State-Space Modeling, Prediction, and Simulation (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim H Gazi ◽  
Nil Z Gurel ◽  
Kristine L S Richardson ◽  
Matthew T Wittbrodt ◽  
Amit J Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
State Space ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Wearable Sensing ◽  
Space Modeling ◽  
Mean Square Errors

BACKGROUND Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) is a promising alternative to implantable stimulation of the vagus nerve. With demonstrated potential in myriad applications, ranging from systemic inflammation reduction to traumatic stress attenuation, closed-loop tcVNS during periods of risk could improve treatment efficacy and reduce ineffective delivery. However, achieving this requires a deeper understanding of biomarker changes over time. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to reveal the dynamics of relevant cardiovascular biomarkers, extracted from wearable sensing modalities, in response to tcVNS. METHODS Twenty-four human subjects were recruited for a randomized double-blind clinical trial, for whom electrocardiography and photoplethysmography were used to measure heart rate and photoplethysmogram amplitude responses to tcVNS, respectively. Modeling these responses in state-space, we (1) compared the biomarkers in terms of their predictability and active vs sham differentiation, (2) studied the latency between stimulation onset and measurable effects, and (3) visualized the true and model-simulated biomarker responses to tcVNS. RESULTS The models accurately predicted future heart rate and photoplethysmogram amplitude values with root mean square errors of approximately one-fifth the standard deviations of the data. Moreover, (1) the photoplethysmogram amplitude showed superior predictability (<i>P</i>=.03) and active vs sham separation compared to heart rate; (2) a consistent delay of greater than 5 seconds was found between tcVNS onset and cardiovascular effects; and (3) dynamic characteristics differentiated responses to tcVNS from the sham stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This work furthers the state of the art by modeling pertinent biomarker responses to tcVNS. Through subsequent analysis, we discovered three key findings with implications related to (1) wearable sensing devices for bioelectronic medicine, (2) the dominant mechanism of action for tcVNS-induced effects on cardiovascular physiology, and (3) the existence of dynamic biomarker signatures that can be leveraged when titrating therapy in closed loop. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02992899; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02992899 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.1016/j.brs.2019.08.002

scholarly journals Digital Cardiovascular Biomarker Responses to Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation: State-Space Modeling, Prediction, and Simulation

10.2196/20488 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e20488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim H Gazi ◽  
Nil Z Gurel ◽  
Kristine L S Richardson ◽  
Matthew T Wittbrodt ◽  
Amit J Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
State Space ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Wearable Sensing ◽  
Space Modeling ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Background Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) is a promising alternative to implantable stimulation of the vagus nerve. With demonstrated potential in myriad applications, ranging from systemic inflammation reduction to traumatic stress attenuation, closed-loop tcVNS during periods of risk could improve treatment efficacy and reduce ineffective delivery. However, achieving this requires a deeper understanding of biomarker changes over time. Objective The aim of the present study was to reveal the dynamics of relevant cardiovascular biomarkers, extracted from wearable sensing modalities, in response to tcVNS. Methods Twenty-four human subjects were recruited for a randomized double-blind clinical trial, for whom electrocardiography and photoplethysmography were used to measure heart rate and photoplethysmogram amplitude responses to tcVNS, respectively. Modeling these responses in state-space, we (1) compared the biomarkers in terms of their predictability and active vs sham differentiation, (2) studied the latency between stimulation onset and measurable effects, and (3) visualized the true and model-simulated biomarker responses to tcVNS. Results The models accurately predicted future heart rate and photoplethysmogram amplitude values with root mean square errors of approximately one-fifth the standard deviations of the data. Moreover, (1) the photoplethysmogram amplitude showed superior predictability (P=.03) and active vs sham separation compared to heart rate; (2) a consistent delay of greater than 5 seconds was found between tcVNS onset and cardiovascular effects; and (3) dynamic characteristics differentiated responses to tcVNS from the sham stimulation. Conclusions This work furthers the state of the art by modeling pertinent biomarker responses to tcVNS. Through subsequent analysis, we discovered three key findings with implications related to (1) wearable sensing devices for bioelectronic medicine, (2) the dominant mechanism of action for tcVNS-induced effects on cardiovascular physiology, and (3) the existence of dynamic biomarker signatures that can be leveraged when titrating therapy in closed loop. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02992899; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02992899 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1016/j.brs.2019.08.002

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