Duration tuning in the inferior colliculus of the mustached bat

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 3119-3128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Macías ◽  
Emanuel C. Mora ◽  
Julio C. Hechavarría ◽  
Manfred Kössl
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Response Profile ◽  
Band Pass

We studied duration tuning in neurons of the inferior colliculus (IC) of the mustached bat. Duration-tuned neurons in the IC of the mustached bat fall into three main types: short (16 of 136), band (34 of 136), and long (29 of 136) pass. The remaining 51 neurons showed no selectivity for the duration of sounds. The distribution of best durations was double peaked with maxima around 3 and 17 ms, which correlate with the duration of the short frequency-modulated (FM) and the long constant-frequency (CF) signals emitted by Pteronotus parnellii. Since there are no individual neurons with a double-peaked duration response profile, both types of temporal processing seem to be well segregated in the IC. Most short- and band-pass units with best frequency in the CF2 range responded to best durations > 9 ms (66%, 18 of 27 units). However, there is no evidence for a bias toward longer durations as there is for neurons tuned to the frequency range of the FM component of the third harmonic, where 83% (10 of 12 neurons) showed best durations longer than 9 ms. In most duration-tuned neurons, response areas as a function of stimulus duration and intensity showed either V or U shape, with duration tuning retained across the range of sound levels tested. Duration tuning was affected by changes in sound pressure level in only six neurons. In all duration-tuned neurons, latencies measured at the best duration were longer than best durations, suggesting that behavioral decisions based on analysis of the duration of the pulses would not be expected to be complete until well after the stimulus has occurred.

Duration-Sensitive Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of Horseshoe Bats: Adaptations for Using CF-FM Echolocation Pulses

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Luo ◽  
Walter Metzner ◽  
Feijian J. Wu ◽  
Shuyi Y. Zhang ◽  
Qicai C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pass Band ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Band Pass ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Horseshoe Bats

The present study examines duration-sensitive neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the least horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus pusillus, from China. In contrast to other bat species tested for duration selectivity so far, echolocation pulses emitted by horseshoe bats are generally longer and composed of a long constant-frequency (CF) component followed by a short downward frequency-modulated (FM) sweep (CF-FM pulse). We used combined CF-FM pulses to analyze the differential effects that these two pulse components had on the duration tuning in neurons of the horseshoe bat's IC. Consistent with results from other mammals, duration-sensitive neurons found in the least horseshoe bat fall into three main classes: short-pass, band-pass, and long-pass. Using a CF stimulus alone, 54% (51/95) of all IC neurons showed at least one form of duration selectivity at one or more stimulus intensities. In 65 of the 95 IC neurons tested with CF pulses, we were also able to test their duration selectivity for a combined CF-FM pulse, which increased the ratio of duration-sensitive neurons to 66% (43/65). Seven to 15 neurons that failed to show duration tuning for CF bursts became duration sensitive for CF-FM pulses, with most of them exhibiting short-pass (depending on stimulus intensity, between 4 and 8 neurons) or band-pass tuning (1–3 neurons). Increasing stimulus intensities did not affect the duration tuning in 53% (23/43) of duration-sensitive neurons for CF bursts and in about 26% (7/27) for CF-FM stimuli. In the remaining neurons, increasing sound levels generally reduced the ratio of duration-sensitive neurons to 33% for CF and 37% for CF-FM stimulation. In those that remained duration sensitive, louder CF bursts shortened best durations in band-pass neurons and cutoff durations in short- and long-pass neurons, whereas louder CF-FM stimuli reduced the cutoff durations only in short-pass neurons. Bandwidths of band-pass neurons were not significantly affected by any stimulus configuration, with only a slight trend for increasing bandwidths for louder CF bursts (but not CF-FM stimuli). Best durations and cutoff durations reached higher values than those in the other bat species examined so far and roughly match the longer durations of echolocation pulses emitted by horseshoe bats. Therefore presentation of a CF-FM stimulus improved the duration sensitivity in IC neurons by increasing the ratio of duration-tuned neurons and making them less susceptible to changes in signal intensity.

Are the initial frequency-modulated components of the mustached bat's biosonar pulses important for ranging?

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1951-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Fitzpatrick ◽  
N. Suga ◽  
H. Misawa
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Range Resolution ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii ◽  
Target Ranging ◽  
The Mean

1. FM-FM neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii, are specialized to process target range. They respond when the terminal frequency-modulated component (TFM) of a biosonar pulse is paired with the TFM of the echo at a particular echo delay. Recently, it has been suggested that the initial FM components (IFMs) of biosonar signals may also be important for target ranging. To examine the possible role of IFMs in target ranging, we characterized the properties of IFMs and TFMs in biosonar pulses emitted by bats swung on a pendulum. We then studied responses of FM-FM neurons to synthesized biosonar signals containing IFMs and TFMs. 2. The mustached bat's biosonar signal consists of four harmonics, of which the second (H2) is the most intense. Each harmonic has an IFM in addition to a constant-frequency component (CF) and a TFM. Therefore each pulse potentially consists of 12 components, IFM1-4, CF1-4, and TFM1-4. The IFM sweeps up while the TFM sweeps down. 3. The IFM2 and TFM2 depths (i.e., bandwidths) were measured in 217 pulses from four animals. The mean IFM2 depth was much smaller than the mean TFM2 depth, 2.87 +/- 1.52 (SD) kHz compared with 16.27 +/- 1.08 kHz, respectively. The amplitude of the IFM2 continuously increased throughout its duration and was always less than the CF2 amplitude, whereas the TFM2 was relatively constant in amplitude over approximately three-quarters of its duration and was often the most intense part of the pulse. The maximum amplitude of the IFM2 was, on average, 11 dB smaller than that of the TFM2. Because range resolution increases with depth and the maximum detectable range increases with signal amplitude, the IFMs are poorly suited for ranging compared with the TFMs. 4. FM-FM neurons (n = 77) did not respond or responded very poorly to IFMs with depths and intensities similar to those emitted on the pendulum. The mean IFM2 depth at which a just-noticeable response appeared was 4.48 +/- 1.98 kHz. Only 14% of the pulses emitted on the pendulum had IFM2 depths that exceeded the mean IFM2 depth threshold of FM-FM neurons. 5. Most FM-FM neurons responded to IFMs that had depths comparable with those of TFMs. However, when all parameters were adjusted to optimize the response to TFMs and then readjusted to maximize the response to IFMs, 52% of 27 neurons tested responded significantly better to the optimal TFMs than to the optimal IFMs (P less than 0.05, t test).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Postnatal Maturation of Primary Auditory Cortex in the Mustached Bat, Pteronotus parnellii

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 2339-2354 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vater ◽  
E. Foeller ◽  
E. C. Mora ◽  
F. Coro ◽  
I. J. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Tuning Curve ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii

The primary auditory cortex (AI) of adult Pteronotus parnellii features a foveal representation of the second harmonic constant frequency (CF2) echolocation call component. In the corresponding Doppler-shifted constant frequency (DSCF) area, the 61 kHz range is over-represented for extraction of frequency-shift information in CF2 echoes. To assess to which degree AI postnatal maturation depends on active echolocation or/and reflects ongoing cochlear maturation, cortical neurons were recorded in juveniles up to postnatal day P29, before the bats are capable of active foraging. At P1-2, neurons in posterior AI are tuned sensitively to low frequencies (22–45 dB SPL, 28–35 kHz). Within the prospective DSCF area, neurons had insensitive responses (>60 dB SPL) to frequencies <40 kHz and lacked sensitive tuning curve tips. Up to P10, when bats do not yet actively echolocate, tonotopy is further developed and DSCF neurons respond to frequencies of 51–57 kHz with maximum tuning sharpness ( Q10dB) of 57. Between P11 and 20, the frequency representation in AI includes higher frequencies anterior and dorsal to the DSCF area. More multipeaked neurons (33%) are found than at older age. In the oldest group, DSCF neurons are tuned to frequencies close to 61 kHz with Q10dB values ≤212, and threshold sensitivity, tuning sharpness and cortical latencies are adult-like. The data show that basic aspects of cortical tonotopy are established before the bats actively echolocate. Maturation of tonotopy, increase of tuning sharpness, and upward shift in the characteristic frequency of DSCF neurons appear to strongly reflect cochlear maturation.

Frequency and amplitude representations in anterior primary auditory cortex of the mustached bat

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1182-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Asanuma ◽  
D. Wong ◽  
N. Suga
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii ◽  
Frequency Representation ◽  
Pure Tones

The orientation sound emitted by the Panamanian mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus, consists of four harmonics. The third harmonic is 6-12 dB weaker than the predominant second harmonic and consists of a long constant-frequency component (CF3) at about 92 kHz and a short frequency-modulated component (FM3) sweeping from about 92 to 74 kHz. Our primary aim is to examine how CF3 and FM3 are represented in a region of the primary auditory cortex anterior to the Doppler-shifted constant-frequency (DSCF) area. Extracellular recordings of neuronal responses from the unanesthetized animal were obtained during free-field stimulation of the ears with pure tones. FM sounds, and signals simulating their orientation sounds and echoes. Response properties of neurons and tonotopic and amplitopic representations were examined in the primary and the anteroventral nonprimary auditory cortex. In the anterior primary auditory cortex, neurons responded strongly to single pure tones but showed no facilitative responses to paired stimuli. Neurons with best frequencies from 110 to 90 kHz were tonotopically organized rostrocaudally, with higher frequencies located more rostrally. Neurons tuned to 92-94 kHz were overpresented, whereas neurons tuned to sound between 64 and 91 kHz were rarely found. Consequently a striking discontinuity in frequency representation from 91 to 64 kHz was found across the anterior DSCF border. Most neurons exhibited monotonic impulse-count functions and responded maximally to sound pressure level (SPL). There were also neurons that responded best to weak sounds but unlike the DSCF area, amplitopic representation was not found. Thus, the DSCF area is quite unique not only in its extensive representation of frequencies in the second harmonic CF component but also in its amplitopic representation. The anteroventral nonprimary auditory cortex consisted of neurons broadly tuned to pure tones between 88 and 99 kHz. Neither tonotopic nor amplitopic representation was observed. Caudal to this area and near the anteroventral border of the DSCF area, a small cluster of FM-FM neurons sensitive to particular echo delays was identified. The responses of these neurons fluctuated significantly during repetitive stimulation.

Delay lines and amplitude selectivity are created in subthalamic auditory nuclei: the brachium of the inferior colliculus of the mustached bat

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1713-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kuwabara ◽  
N. Suga
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Coincidence Detection ◽  
Delay Lines ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Species Specific

1. The biosonar pulse of the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii parnellii, consists of four harmonics of a constant-frequency component (CF1-4) followed by a frequency-modulated component (FM1-4). FM-FM combination-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex and the medical geniculate body (MGB) show facilitative responses to certain combinations of FM components in a pulse-echo pair. They are tuned to particular delays of echo FMn (EFMn) (n = 2, 3, or 4) from pulse FM1 (PFM1). The neural mechanisms for creating their response properties involve delay lines, coincidence detection, and multiplication. Coincidence detection and multiplication take place in the MGB. It is not yet known where and how delay lines are created. The first aim of the present studies is to examine whether delay lines are created by subthalamic nuclei. FM-FM neurons are tuned to not only echo delays but also echo amplitudes. Therefore, the second aim of the present studies is to examine the extent to which amplitude selectivity is created by subthalamic nuclei. Responses of single nerve fibers to acoustic stimuli were recorded from the brachium of the inferior colliculus (BIC) using tungsten wire microelectrodes, and their response latencies and best amplitudes were measured. 2. All BIC fibers responded strongly to single tone bursts. No FM-FM combination-sensitive neurons were found in the BIC. The best frequencies of BIC fibers were predominantly within the frequency ranges of four harmonics of the species-specific biosonar pulse. 3. The response latencies of BIC fibers tuned to FM1 were more diverse (3.5-15.0 ms) than those of BIC fibers tuned to FMn (3.8-6.5 ms). This difference in latency distribution was independent of stimulus amplitude. These data are consistent with the theory that delay lines utilized by FM-FM neurons are created by neurons tuned to the "FM1 frequency," and indicate that the delay lines are mostly, if not all, created in a subthalamic nucleus or nuclei. 4. The best amplitudes of BIC fibers tuned to FM1 or CF1 were 63.2 +/- 4.5 (SE) dB SPL, and those of BIC fibers tuned to FMn or CFn were 48.2 +/- 10.7 dB SPL. The distribution of the best amplitudes of BIC fibers were very similar to those of FM-FM and CF/CF neurons in the MGB. These data indicate that the amplitude selectivity of thalamic FM-FM and CF/CF neurons is mainly a product of a subthalamic nucleus or nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Hemispheric and Sex Differences in Mustached Bat Primary Auditory Cortex Revealed by Neural Responses to Slow Frequency Modulations

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Stuart D. Washington ◽  
Dominique L. Pritchett ◽  
Georgios A. Keliris ◽  
Jagmeet S. Kanwal
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Frequency Modulations

The mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii) is a mammalian model of cortical hemispheric asymmetry. In this species, complex social vocalizations are processed preferentially in the left Doppler-shifted constant frequency (DSCF) subregion of primary auditory cortex. Like hemispheric specializations for speech and music, this bat brain asymmetry differs between sexes (i.e., males>females) and is linked to spectrotemporal processing based on selectivities to frequency modulations (FMs) with rapid rates (>0.5 kHz/ms). Analyzing responses to the long-duration (>10 ms), slow-rate (<0.5 kHz/ms) FMs to which most DSCF neurons respond may reveal additional neural substrates underlying this asymmetry. Here, we bilaterally recorded responses from 176 DSCF neurons in male and female bats that were elicited by upward and downward FMs fixed at 0.04 kHz/ms and presented at 0–90 dB SPL. In females, we found inter-hemispheric latency differences consistent with applying different temporal windows to precisely integrate spectrotemporal information. In males, we found a substrate for asymmetry less related to spectrotemporal processing than to acoustic energy (i.e., amplitude). These results suggest that in the DSCF area, (1) hemispheric differences in spectrotemporal processing manifest differently between sexes, and (2) cortical asymmetry for social communication is driven by spectrotemporal processing differences and neural selectivities for amplitude.

scholarly journals Transient peripheral vestibular hypofunction measured with vestibular short-latency evoked potentials following noise exposure in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney E Stewart ◽  
David Scott Bauer ◽  
Richard A Altschuler ◽  
William Michael King
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Vestibular Hypofunction ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Intense Noise ◽  
Band Limited

Exposure to 120 decibel sound pressure level (dB SPL) band-limited noise results in delayed onset latency and reduced vestibular short-latency evoked potential (VsEP) responses. These changes are still present four weeks after noise overstimulation. Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) has been shown to vary in extent and duration based on noise intensity. This study investigated whether noise-induced peripheral vestibular hypofunction (NPVH) would also decrease in extent and/or duration with less intense noise exposure. In the present study, rats were exposed to a less intense noise (110dB SPL), but for the same duration (6 hours) and frequency range (500-4000 Hz) as used in previous studies. The VsEP was assessed 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after noise exposure. In contrast to 120 dB SPL noise exposure, the 110 dB SPL noise exposures produced smaller deficits in VsEP responses that fully recovered in 62% of animals (13/21) within one week. These findings suggest that NPVH, a loss or attenuation of VsEP responses with a requirement for elevated stimulus intensity to elicit measurable responses, is similar to NIHL, i.e., lower sound levels produce a smaller or transient deficit. These results show it will be important to determine the extent and duration of vestibular hypofunction for different noise exposure conditions and their impact on balance.

scholarly journals Improved Source Characteristics of a Handclap for Acoustic Measurements: Utilization of a Leather Glove

Acoustics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 803-811
Author(s):  
Rick de Vos ◽  
Nikolaos M. Papadakis ◽  
Georgios E. Stavroulakis
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure Level ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Source Characteristics ◽  
Sound Levels ◽  
Engineering Practices

A handclap is a convenient and easily available source for room acoustic measurements. If used correctly (e.g., application of optimal hand configuration) it can provide usable results for the measurement of acoustic parameters, within an expected deviation. Its biggest drawbacks are the low sound pressure level (especially in the low frequency range) as well as its low repeatability. With this in mind, this paper explores the idea of testing a handclap with a glove in order to assess the effect on its source characteristics. For this purpose, measurements were performed with 12 participants wearing leather gloves. Sound levels were compared with simple handclaps without gloves, and between grouped results (overall A-weighted SPL, octave bands, 1/3 octave bands). Measurements were also performed several times to evaluate the effect on repeatability. Results indicate that the use of leather gloves can increase the sound levels of a handclap by 10 dB and 15 dB in the low frequency ranges (63 Hz and 125 Hz octave bands, respectively). Handclaps with leather gloves also point toward improved repeatability, particularly in the low-frequency part of the frequency spectrum. In conclusion, compared to simple handclaps without gloves, evidence from this study supports the concept that handclaps with leather gloves can be used in engineering practices for improved room acoustic measurements of room impulse response.

scholarly journals DSCF Neurons Within the Primary Auditory Cortex of the Mustached Bat Process Frequency Modulations Present Within Social Calls

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 3285-3304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. Washington ◽  
Jagmeet S. Kanwal
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii ◽  
Social Calls ◽  
Frequency Modulations

Neurons in the Doppler-shifted constant frequency processing (DSCF) area in the primary auditory cortex of mustached bats, Pteronotus parnellii, are multifunctional, responding both to echolocation and communication sounds. Simultaneous presentation of a DSCF neuron's best low and high frequencies (BFlow and BFhigh, respectively) facilitates its response. BFlow corresponds to a frequency in the frequency-modulated (FM) component of the first harmonic in the echolocation pulse, and BFhigh corresponds to the constant frequency (CF) component in the second harmonic of the echo. We systematically varied the slopes, bandwidths, and central frequencies of FMs traversing the BFhigh region to arrive at the “best FM” for single DSCF neurons. We report that nearly half (46%) of DSCF neurons preferred linear FMs to CFs and average response magnitude to FMs was not significantly less ( P = 0.08) than that to CFs at BFhigh when each test stimulus was paired with a CF at BFlow. For linear FMs ranging in slope from 0.04 to 4.0 kHz/ms and in bandwidth from 0.44 to 7.88 kHz, the majority of DSCF neurons preferred upward (55%) to downward (21%) FMs. Central frequencies of the best FMs were typically close to but did not always match a neuron's BFhigh. Neurons exhibited combination-sensitivity to “call fragments” (calls that were band-pass filtered in the BFhigh region) paired with their BFlow. Our data show a close match between the modulation direction of a neuron's best FM and that of its preferred call fragment. These response properties show that DSCF neurons extract multiple parameters of FMs and are specialized for processing both FMs for communication and CFs for echolocation.

Doppler-shift compensation by the mustached bat: quantitative data.

1994 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A W Keating ◽  
O W Henson ◽  
M M Henson ◽  
W C Lancaster ◽  
D H Xie
Keyword(s):  
Doppler Shift ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Reference Frequency ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Doppler Shifts ◽  
Mustached Bat ◽  
Pteronotus Parnellii ◽  
Significant Difference

Quantitative data for Doppler-shift compensation by Pteronotus parnellii parnellii were obtained with a device which propelled the bats at constant velocities over a distance of 12 m. The bats compensated for Doppler shifts at all velocities tested (0.1-5.0 ms-1). The main findings were (1) that compensation was usually accomplished by a progressive lowering of the approximately 61 kHz second harmonic constant-frequency component of emitted sounds in small frequency steps (93 +/- 72 Hz); (2) that the time needed to reach a steady compensation level averaged 514 +/- 230 ms and the number of pulses required to reach full compensation averaged 10.78 +/- 5.16; (3) that the animals compensated to hold the echo (reference) frequency at a value that was slightly higher than the resting frequency and slightly lower than the cochlear resonance frequency; (4) that reference frequency varied as a function of velocity, the higher the velocity of the animal, the higher was the reference frequency (slope 55 Hz m-1s-2); and (5) that the mean reference frequency was always an undercompensation. The average amount of undercompensation was 15.8%. There was a significant difference (P &lt; or = 0.005) in Doppler-shift compensation data collected at velocities that differed by 0.1 ms-1. A velocity difference of 0.1 ms-1 corresponds to a Doppler-shift difference of about 35 Hz in the approximately 61 kHz signals reaching the ear.

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