Multifunctional bilateral muscle control of vocal output in the songbird syrinx

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 1857-1874
Author(s):  
Jorge M. Méndez ◽  
Franz Goller
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Muscle Control ◽  
Acoustic Structure ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Bilateral Coordination ◽  
Vocal Control ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Insight Into

A new experimental approach was used to analyze the involvement of individual muscles in birdsong vocal control. Ablation of tracheobronchial muscles showed how these muscles contribute in manner specific to the acoustic structure of sound segments and how disruption of airflow regulation affects bilateral coordination. The results of this study illustrate that the gating muscles serve multiple functions in control of acoustic features and give further insight into the complex motor control of birdsong.

Motor control mechanism underlying pedaling skills: an analysis of bilateral coordination in the lower extremities

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-315
Author(s):  
Takuhiro Sato ◽  
Riki Kurematsu ◽  
Shota Shigetome ◽  
Taiki Matsumoto ◽  
Kazuki Tsuruda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Bilateral Coordination

scholarly journals Insight into the self-assembly of water-soluble perylene bisimide derivatives through a combined computational and experimental approach

Nanoscale ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (34) ◽  
pp. 15917-15928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Draper ◽  
Liam Wilbraham ◽  
Dave J. Adams ◽  
Matthew Wallace ◽  
Ralf Schweins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Self ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Perylene Bisimide ◽  
Perylene Bisimides ◽  
Insight Into

We use a combination of computational and experimental techniques to study the self-assembly and gelation of amino-acid functionalised water-soluble perylene bisimides.

Airflow-Housing-Induced Resonances of Rotating Optical Disks

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. C. Mestrom ◽  
R. H. B. Fey ◽  
H. Nijmeijer ◽  
P. M. R. Wortelboer ◽  
W. Aerts
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Lubrication Equation ◽  
Global View ◽  
Optical Disks ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Finite Difference Techniques

Numerous excitation sources for disk vibrations are present in optical drives. For increasing rotation speeds, airflow-housing-induced vibrations have become more and more important. Currently, drives are designed in which rotation speeds are so high that critical speed resonances may show up. The presence of these resonances depends on the layout of the inner housing geometry of the drive. The influence of the drive inner housing geometry is investigated systematically by means of a numerical-experimental approach. An analytical model is derived, containing disk dynamics and the geometry-induced pressure distribution acting as the excitation mechanism on the disk. The Reynolds’ lubrication equation is used as a first approach for the modeling of the pressure distribution. The model is numerically implemented using an approach based on a combination of finite element and finite difference techniques. An idealized, drive-like environment serves as the experimental setup. This setup resembles the situation in the numerical model, in order to be able to verify the numerical model. Wedge-like airflow disturbances are used in order to obtain insight into the influence of drive inner geometry on the critical speed resonances of optical disks. A disk tilt measurement method is designed that yields a global view of the disk deformation. By means of two newly proposed types of plots, numerical and experimental results can be compared in a straightforward way. A qualitative match between the numerical and experimental results is obtained. The numerical and experimental methods presented provide insight into airflow-housing-induced vibrations in optical drives. Additionally, reduction of some critical speed resonances is found to be possible for certain drive inner geometry configurations.

scholarly journals Insight into motor control and motor impairment from stroke and beta oscillations

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 3033-3035
Author(s):  
Ramina Adam ◽  
Silvia Isabella ◽  
Jason L. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Beta Oscillations ◽  
Insight Into

Beta oscillations are associated with motor function and are thought to play a role in movement impairment. In a recent magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, Rossiter et al. ( J Neurophysiol 112: 2053–2058, 2014) found a disruption in the modulation of movement-related beta oscillations in stroke patients that correlated with motor impairment. We discuss how beta oscillatory measures characterize motor impairment, the implications of stroke variability, and the potential role of GABA in modulating oscillations following stroke and during stroke recovery.

scholarly journals Contribution of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Understanding of Functional Recovery Mechanisms After Stroke

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Dimyan ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Motor Disability ◽  
Recovery Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Recovery Of Motor Function

Motor impairments are a major cause of morbidity and disability after stroke. This article reviews evidence obtained using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that provides new insight into mechanisms of impaired motor control and disability. They briefly discuss the use of TMS in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of poststroke motor disability. Particular emphasis is placed on TMS as a tool to explore mechanisms of neuroplasticity during spontaneous and treatment-induced recovery of motor function to develop more rational and clinically useful interventions for stroke rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Efficient dissemination of prions through preferential transmission to nearby cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Paquet ◽  
Christelle Langevin ◽  
Jérome Chapuis ◽  
Graham S. Jackson ◽  
Hubert Laude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cell Analysis ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Range Spread ◽  
Cell Spread ◽  
Insight Into

Despite circumstantial evidence that prions can be found extracellularly or at the surface of infected cells, little is known about how these infectious agents spread from cell to cell. In order to gain better insight into this critical issue, this study used two different cell lines (neuroglial MovS and epithelial Rov cells) that have previously been shown to be permissive for ovine prion multiplication. Co-culture of infected cells and uninfected target cells at a ratio of 1 : 9 resulted in total infection of MovS cells within 10 days but not of Rov cell cultures, suggesting that the efficiency of prion dissemination may vary greatly depending on the type of permissive cell. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the newly infected cells revealed that, although long-range spread could also occur, cells proximal to the infected donor cells consistently accumulated more abnormal PrP, consistent with preferential infection of nearby cells. This experimental approach, focused on dissemination among living cells, could help in the analysis of mechanisms involved in the cell-to-cell spread of prion infections.

scholarly journals Electron Cryo-Tomography Provides Insight into Procentriole Architecture and Assembly Mechanism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Li ◽  
Jose-Jesus Fernandez ◽  
Wallace F. Marshall ◽  
David A. Agard
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Iris Diaphragm ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Integral Component ◽  
Assembly Mechanism ◽  
Insight Into

SummaryCentriole is an essential structure with multiple functions in cellular processes. Centriole biogenesis and homeostasis is tightly regulated. Using electron cryo-tomography (cryoET) we present the structure of procentrioles from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We identified a set of non-tubulin components attached to the triplet microtubule (MT), many are at the junctions of tubules likely to reinforce the triplet. We describe structure of the A-C linker that bridges neighboring triplets. We find that POC1 is an integral component of the A-C linker. Its conserved WD40 β-propeller domain provides sites for attachment to other A-C linker components. The twist of A-C linker results in an iris diaphragm-like motion of the triplets in the longitudinal direction of procentriole. Finally, we identified two assembly intermediates at the growing ends of procentriole allowing us to propose a model for the procentriole assembly. Our results provide a comprehensive structural framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning procentriole biogenesis and assembly.

scholarly journals Behavioural responses to video and live presentations of females reveal a dissociation between performance and motivational aspects of birdsong

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan S. James ◽  
R. Fan ◽  
J.T. Sakata
Keyword(s):  
Courtship Song ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Neural Models ◽  
Song Production ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control ◽  
Video Presentations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Social Behaviours

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the regulation of social behavioural expression requires insight into motivational and performance aspects of social behaviours. While a number of studies have independently investigated motivational or performance aspects of social behaviours, few have examined how these aspects relate to each other. By comparing behavioural variation in response to live or video presentations of conspecific females, we analysed how variation in the motivation to produce courtship song covaries with variation in performance aspects of courtship song in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Consistent with previous reports, we observed that male zebra finches were less motivated to produce courtship songs to videos of females than to live presentations of females. However, we found that acoustic features that reflect song performance were indistinguishable between songs produced to videos of females and songs produced to live presentations of females. For example, songs directed at video presentations of females were just as fast and stereotyped as songs directed at live females. These experimental manipulations and correlational analyses reveal a dissociation between motivational and performance aspects of birdsong and suggest a refinement of neural models of song production and control. In addition, they support the efficacy of videos to study both motivational and performance aspects of social behaviours.

Adaptive Motor Control During Experiments With Brain Machine Interfaces

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koren Beiser ◽  
Miriam Zacksenhouse
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Brain Machine Interfaces ◽  
Neural Modulation ◽  
Insight Into

Recent experiments with Brain Machine Interfaces indicate that the extent of neural modulations increases abruptly upon starting to operate the interface. In contrast, neural modulations due to the trajectory profile remain relatively unchanged. Furthermore, the enhanced modulations subside with further training, mirroring the trend in task performance, which degraded upon starting to operate the interface and improved gradually with training. Here we investigate the hypothesis that the enhanced modulations reflect internal representation of trajectory errors, which results in corrective commands in the short term and adaptive modifications of internal models in the long term. A simplified uni-dimensional model is analyzed to demonstrate the observed transient enhancement in neural modulations during the operation of Brain machine Interfaces. Identifying the source of the transient enhancement in neural modulation would provide insight into adaptive motor control and facilitate the improvement of future Brain Machine Interfaces.

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