scholarly journals The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 2322-2345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Buckner ◽  
Fenna M. Krienen ◽  
Angela Castellanos ◽  
Julio C. Diaz ◽  
B. T. Thomas Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Discovery Sample ◽  
Human Cerebellum ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

The cerebral cortex communicates with the cerebellum via polysynaptic circuits. Separate regions of the cerebellum are connected to distinct cerebral areas, forming a complex topography. In this study we explored the organization of cerebrocerebellar circuits in the human using resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI). Data from 1,000 subjects were registered using nonlinear deformation of the cerebellum in combination with surface-based alignment of the cerebral cortex. The foot, hand, and tongue representations were localized in subjects performing movements. fcMRI maps derived from seed regions placed in different parts of the motor body representation yielded the expected inverted map of somatomotor topography in the anterior lobe and the upright map in the posterior lobe. Next, we mapped the complete topography of the cerebellum by estimating the principal cerebral target for each point in the cerebellum in a discovery sample of 500 subjects and replicated the topography in 500 independent subjects. The majority of the human cerebellum maps to association areas. Quantitative analysis of 17 distinct cerebral networks revealed that the extent of the cerebellum dedicated to each network is proportional to the network's extent in the cerebrum with a few exceptions, including primary visual cortex, which is not represented in the cerebellum. Like somatomotor representations, cerebellar regions linked to association cortex have separate anterior and posterior representations that are oriented as mirror images of one another. The orderly topography of the representations suggests that the cerebellum possesses at least two large, homotopic maps of the full cerebrum and possibly a smaller third map.

scholarly journals The Detailed Organization of the Human Cerebellum Estimated by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Within the Individual

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aihuiping Xue ◽  
Ru Kong ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Mark C. Eldaief ◽  
Peter Angeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Field ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Crus I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

Distinct regions of the cerebellum connect to separate regions of the cerebral cortex forming a complex topography. While cerebellar organization has been examined in group-averaged data, study of individuals provides an opportunity to discover features that emerge at a higher spatial resolution. Here functional connectivity MRI was used to examine the cerebellum of two intensively-sampled individuals (each scanned 31 times). Connectivity to somatomotor cortex showed the expected crossed laterality and topography of the body maps. A surprising discovery was connectivity to the primary visual cortex along the vermis with evidence for representation of the central field. Within the hemispheres, each individual displayed a hierarchical progression from the inverted anterior lobe somatomotor map through to higher-order association zones. The hierarchy ended at Crus I/II and then progressed in reverse order through to the upright somatomotor map in the posterior lobe. Evidence for a third set of networks was found in the most posterior extent of the cerebellum. Detailed analysis of the higher-order association networks revealed robust representations of two distinct networks linked to the default network, multiple networks linked to cognitive control, as well as a separate representation of a language network. While idiosyncratic spatial details emerged between subjects, each network could be detected in both individuals, and seed regions placed within the cerebellum recapitulated the full extent of the spatially-specific cerebral networks. The observation of multiple networks in juxtaposed regions at the Crus I/II apex confirms the importance of this zone to higher-order cognitive function and reveals new organizational details.

scholarly journals The organization of the human striatum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 2242-2263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Young Choi ◽  
B. T. Thomas Yeo ◽  
Randy L. Buckner
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Tract Tracing ◽  
Motor Representation ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

The striatum is connected to the cerebral cortex through multiple anatomical loops that process sensory, limbic, and heteromodal information. Tract-tracing studies in the monkey reveal that these corticostriatal connections form stereotyped patterns in the striatum. Here the organization of the striatum was explored in the human with resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI). Data from 1,000 subjects were registered with nonlinear deformation of the striatum in combination with surface-based alignment of the cerebral cortex. fcMRI maps derived from seed regions placed in the foot and tongue representations of the motor cortex yielded the expected inverted somatotopy in the putamen. fcMRI maps derived from the supplementary motor area were located medially to the primary motor representation, also consistent with anatomical studies. The topography of the complete striatum was estimated and replicated by assigning each voxel in the striatum to its most strongly correlated cortical network in two independent groups of 500 subjects. The results revealed at least five cortical zones in the striatum linked to sensorimotor, premotor, limbic, and two association networks with a topography globally consistent with monkey anatomical studies. The majority of the human striatum was coupled to cortical association networks. Examining these association networks further revealed details that fractionated the five major networks. The resulting estimates of striatal organization provide a reference for exploring how the striatum contributes to processing motor, limbic, and heteromodal information through multiple large-scale corticostriatal circuits.

Evidence for a Functional Hierarchy of Association Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Young Choi ◽  
Garrett K. Drayna ◽  
David Badre
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Gradient ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri ◽  
Distributed Association

Patient lesion and neuroimaging studies have identified a rostral-to-caudal functional gradient in the lateral frontal cortex (LFC) corresponding to higher-order (complex or abstract) to lower-order (simple or concrete) cognitive control. At the same time, monkey anatomical and human functional connectivity studies show that frontal regions are reciprocally connected with parietal and temporal regions, forming parallel and distributed association networks. Here, we investigated the link between the functional gradient of LFC regions observed during control tasks and the parallel, distributed organization of association networks. Whole-brain fMRI task activity corresponding to four orders of hierarchical control [Badre, D., & D'Esposito, M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 2082–2099, 2007] was compared with a resting-state functional connectivity MRI estimate of cortical networks [Yeo, B. T., Krienen, F. M., Sepulcre, J., Sabuncu, M. R., Lashkari, D., Hollinshead, M., et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106, 1125–1165, 2011]. Critically, at each order of control, activity in the LFC and parietal cortex overlapped onto a common association network that differed between orders. These results are consistent with a functional organization based on separable association networks that are recruited during hierarchical control. Furthermore, corticostriatal functional connectivity MRI showed that, consistent with their participation in functional networks, rostral-to-caudal LFC and caudal-to-rostral parietal regions had similar, order-specific corticostriatal connectivity that agreed with a striatal gating model of hierarchical rule use. Our results indicate that hierarchical cognitive control is subserved by parallel and distributed association networks, together forming multiple localized functional gradients in different parts of association cortex. As such, association networks, while connectionally organized in parallel, may be functionally organized in a hierarchy via dynamic interaction with the striatum.

scholarly journals The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 1125-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Thomas Yeo ◽  
Fenna M. Krienen ◽  
Jorge Sepulcre ◽  
Mert R. Sabuncu ◽  
Danial Lashkari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Distributed Networks ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Hierarchical Relations ◽  
Connectivity Patterns

Information processing in the cerebral cortex involves interactions among distributed areas. Anatomical connectivity suggests that certain areas form local hierarchical relations such as within the visual system. Other connectivity patterns, particularly among association areas, suggest the presence of large-scale circuits without clear hierarchical relations. In this study the organization of networks in the human cerebrum was explored using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Data from 1,000 subjects were registered using surface-based alignment. A clustering approach was employed to identify and replicate networks of functionally coupled regions across the cerebral cortex. The results revealed local networks confined to sensory and motor cortices as well as distributed networks of association regions. Within the sensory and motor cortices, functional connectivity followed topographic representations across adjacent areas. In association cortex, the connectivity patterns often showed abrupt transitions between network boundaries. Focused analyses were performed to better understand properties of network connectivity. A canonical sensory-motor pathway involving primary visual area, putative middle temporal area complex (MT+), lateral intraparietal area, and frontal eye field was analyzed to explore how interactions might arise within and between networks. Results showed that adjacent regions of the MT+ complex demonstrate differential connectivity consistent with a hierarchical pathway that spans networks. The functional connectivity of parietal and prefrontal association cortices was next explored. Distinct connectivity profiles of neighboring regions suggest they participate in distributed networks that, while showing evidence for interactions, are embedded within largely parallel, interdigitated circuits. We conclude by discussing the organization of these large-scale cerebral networks in relation to monkey anatomy and their potential evolutionary expansion in humans to support cognition.

scholarly journals Effects of Field-Map Distortion Correction on Resting State Functional Connectivity MRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Togo ◽  
Jaroslav Rokicki ◽  
Kenji Yoshinaga ◽  
Tatsuhiro Hisatsune ◽  
Hiroshi Matsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Distortion Correction ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

scholarly journals In vivo visuotopic brain mapping with manganese-enhanced MRI and resting-state functional connectivity MRI

NeuroImage ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Chan ◽  
Shu-Juan Fan ◽  
Russell W. Chan ◽  
Joe S. Cheng ◽  
Iris Y. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Enhanced Mri ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri ◽  
Manganese Enhanced Mri

scholarly journals Prevalent and sex-biased breathing patterns modify functional connectivity MRI in young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Lynch ◽  
Benjamin M. Silver ◽  
Marc J. Dubin ◽  
Alex Martin ◽  
Henning U. Voss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Normal Breathing ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

Abstract Resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a tool for investigating human brain organization. Here we identify, visually and algorithmically, two prevalent influences on fMRI signals during 440 h of resting state scans in 440 healthy young adults, both caused by deviations from normal breathing which we term deep breaths and bursts. The two respiratory patterns have distinct influences on fMRI signals and signal covariance, distinct timescales, distinct cardiovascular correlates, and distinct tendencies to manifest by sex. Deep breaths are not sex-biased. Bursts, which are serial taperings of respiratory depth typically spanning minutes at a time, are more common in males. Bursts share features of chemoreflex-driven clinical breathing patterns that also occur primarily in males, with notable neurological, psychiatric, medical, and lifespan associations. These results identify common breathing patterns in healthy young adults with distinct influences on functional connectivity and an ability to differentially influence resting state fMRI studies.

scholarly journals O2.2. EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLUTAMATE AND BRAIN CONNECTIVITY IN ANTIPSYCHOTIC-NAïVE FIRST EPISODE PATIENTS – A COMBINED MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY AND RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY MRI STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S4-S4
Author(s):  
Jose Maximo ◽  
Frederic Briend ◽  
William Armstrong ◽  
Nina Kraguljac ◽  
Adrienne Lahti
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Functional Connectivity Mri

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is thought to be a disorder of brain dysconnectivity. An imbalance between cortical excitation/inhibition is also implicated, but the link between these abnormalities remains unclear. The present study used resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate how measurements of glutamate + glutamine (Glx) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) relate to rs-fcMRI in medication-naïve first episode psychosis (FEP) subjects compared to healthy controls (HC). Based on our previous findings, we hypothesized that in HC would show correlations between Glx and rs-fMRI in the salience and default mode network, but these relationships would be altered in FEP. Methods Data from 53 HC (age = 24.70 ±6.23, 34M/19F) and 60 FEP (age = 24.08 ±6.29, 38M/22F) were analyzed. To obtain MRS data, a voxel was placed in the ACC (PRESS, TR/TE = 2000/80ms). Metabolite concentrations were quantified with respect to internal water using the AMARES algorithm in jMRUI. rs-fMRI data were processed using a standard preprocessing pipeline in the CONN toolbox. BOLD signal from a priori brain regions of interest from posterior cingulate cortex (default mode network, DMN), anterior cingulate cortex (salience network, SN), and right posterior parietal cortex (central executive network, CEN) were extracted and correlated with the rest of the brain to measure functional connectivity (FC). Group analyses were performed on Glx, FC, and Glx-FC interactions while controlling for age, gender, and motion when applicable. FC and Glx-FC analyses were performed using small volume correction [(p < 0.01, threshold-free cluster enhancement corrected (TFCE)]. Results No significant between-group differences were found in Glx concentration in the ACC [F(1, 108) = 0.34, p = 0.56], but reduced FC was found on each network in FEP compared to HC (pTFCE corrected). Group Glx-FC interactions were found in the form of positive correlations between Glx and FC in DMN and SN in the HC group, but not in FEP; and negative correlations in CEN in HC, but not in FEP. Discussion While we did not find significant group differences in ACC Glx measurements, ACC Glx modulated FC differentially in FEP and HC. Positive correlations between Glx and FC were found in the SN and DMN, suggesting long range modulation of the two networks in HC, but not in FEP. Additionally, negative correlations between Glx and FC were found in CEN in HC, but not in FEP. Overall, these results suggest that even in the absence of group differences in Glx concentration, the long-range modulation of these 3 networks by ACC Glx is altered in FEP.

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