Temporal correlations in sensory-synaptic interactions: example in crayfish stretch receptors

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1520-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Barrio ◽  
W. Buno
Keyword(s):  
Interval Duration ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Synaptic Interactions ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Control ◽  
Successive Alternation

1. The effects of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) barrages on coding of sinusoidal length inputs were investigated in slowly and rapidly adapting stretch receptors of crayfish (RM1 and RM2, respectively). To examine the contribution of postsynaptic firings, a description was obtained of the temporal correlations between sensory stimuli, pre- and postsynaptic spikes, plus the relative position of the latter. In this analysis, the times between an IPSP and the closest spike preceding or following it are known, respectively, as phase (phi) and cophase (theta). 2. Interactions were similar in RM1 and RM2. The usual effect was the expected increased postsynaptic interval durations, but special consequences were also evoked. With regular IPSPs there were epochs including inhibitory (S) and postsynaptic (R) spikes and fixed "alternations" at S/R times the IPSP rate. S/R ratios were usually 1:1 and 1:2, more rarely 2:1. There were sudden postsynaptic interval duration changes, or "jumps," between successive alternation ratios where inhibitory effects increased or decreased. With 1:1 and 1:2 ratios there was a gradual "sliding," or phi increase-theta decrease, at the pull and the opposite at the release. The theta and phi roughly paralleled the control postsynaptic intervals and the inhibited-minus-control differences, respectively, when sliding was present. Sliding disappeared, and phi and theta tended to become invariant, with 2:1 ratio. 3. Irregular IPSP increased postsynaptic interval irregularities and eliminated alternations. Phase values were irregularly distributed, but theta and control postsynaptic intervals were similar irrespective of pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

MSDM Pondok Pesantren

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-422
Author(s):  
Ahmad Saefulloh ◽  
Fisher Zulkarnaen ◽  
Dewi Sadiah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Know How ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Control ◽  
Descriptive Method

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana implementasi manajemen sumber daya manusia pondok pesantren pagelaran II sumedang, dan mengetahui bagaimana hasil kinerja santri di pondok pesantren pagelaran II sumedang.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi, studi dokumentasi dan wawancara.Hasil Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa peran manajemen sumber daya manusia dalam mengoptimalkan kinerja santri di pondok pesantren pagelaran II sumedang yang diawali dengan pengolaan dalam bentuk fungsi perencanaan dan operasional yang baru.Terutama pengrekrutan jajaran assatidz yang berdedikasi dan berpendidikan tinggi masuk ke pondok pesantren pagelaran II. Sehingga keberlangsungan pesantren akan berinovasi dan pengendalian selalu sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa manajemen sumber daya manusia di pondok pesantren pagelaran II sumedang telah dijalankan dengan baik dan menunjukan keberhasilan dalam upaya menyiapkan insan kamil. ABSTRAK It aims to know how to implementation of human resources management hut pesantren by fire ii, and find out How did santri's performance result in the pesantren pagelaran 2 Sumedang. The method used in this study is a descriptive method, data collection is done using observation techniques, a documentary study and debriefing. This study found that human resource management's role in optimizing santri's performance in pondok pesantren pagelaran 2 Sumedang. That begin with processing in the form of new planning and operational functions. Particularly recruits for the dedicated, highly educated assatidz went into the pagelaran 2 Sumedang. So martial arts have continued to innovate and control always conforms to the development of The Times. So it is inadmissible that the human resources management at pesantren pagelaran 2 sumedang has been well run and show that is successful in preparing for the perfect human being.

A STUDY OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CHICK WHOLE EYE EXTRACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LENS OF THE CHICK EMBRYO IN VITRO

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Reactive System ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Muscle Extract ◽  
Lens Vesicle ◽  
And Control

To demonstrate the phenomenon of homologous inhibition by clearly interpretable results in a readily reactive system, experiments were carried out to study the effect of chick whole eye extract on the development of the vesicular lens of the chick embryo in vitro. The heads of embryos of 11 through 13 somites were explanted onto nutrient medium diluted with varying amounts of the extract, and cultured for 30 hours. A total of 35 embryos exposed to concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 (extract to medium) showed complete inhibition of lens vesicle formation. Of a total of 53 embryos on concentrations of 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, and 1:64, more than 50% showed inhibition of vesicle formation. The inhibitory effect disappeared at a concentration of 1:128. Control material exposed to some equivalent concentrations of nutrient medium – saline mixtures showed inhibition of vesicle formation in only 15% of 33 embryos. Of a total of 27 control embryos exposed to ventricular muscle extract, approximately one-third showed inhibition of vesicle formation at concentrations of 1:8 and 1:16, with the inhibitory effect disappearing at 1:32. The implications of this result are discussed. Other factors and control experiments are described and their value is assessed.

Oscillatory synaptic interactions between ventroposterior and reticular neurons in mouse thalamus in vitro

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1993-2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Warren ◽  
A. Agmon ◽  
E. G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Gabab Receptor ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Thalamic Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Reticular Nucleus ◽  
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Synaptic Interactions ◽  
Gabaa Receptor Antagonist

1. The thalamic reticular nucleus (RTN) has reciprocal connections with relay neurons in the dorsal thalamus. We used whole cell recording in a mouse in vitro slice preparation maintained at room temperature to study the synaptic interactions between the RTN and the ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VP) during evoked low-frequency oscillations. 2. After a single electrical stimulus of the internal capsule, postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) were recorded in all VP and RTN neurons. In 76% of slices, there was an initial response followed by recurrent PSPs lasting for up to 8 s and with a frequency of approximately 2 Hz in both the VP and RTN. 3. In RTN neurons the initial response consisted of a fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) that generated a burst of action potentials. Recurrent PSPs consisted of barrages of EPSPs that often reached burst threshold. The structure of subthreshold EPSP barrages in RTN neurons suggested that they were generated by bursting VP neurons. 4. In VP neurons the stimulus usually evoked a small EPSP followed by a large inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) that was often followed by a rebound burst. This initial response was often followed by a series of recurrent IPSPs presumably generated by RTN bursts, because intrinsic inhibitory neurons are absent in rodent VP. 5. IPSPs in VP neurons and recurrent EPSPs in RTN neurons were completely abolished by application of a gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor antagonist. A GABAB receptor antagonist produced no or little change in either the initial or recurrent response. 6. Recurrent IPSPs in VP neurons were abolished by glutamate receptor antagonists before the initial IPSP, which always remained stimulus dependent. 7. The dependency of recurring IPSPs in VP and recurring EPSPs in RTN upon GABA-mediated inhibition and excitatory amino acid-mediated excitation, plus the character of recurring EPSPs in the RTN strongly suggest that the recurring events were generated through reverse-reciprocal synaptic interactions between VP and RTN neurons. These synaptic interactions most likely play an important role in thalamic oscillations in behavior.

scholarly journals RESPON GEREJA ATAS PANDEMIK CORONA VIRUS DESEASE 2019 DAN IBADAH DI RUMAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-111
Author(s):  
Roedy Silitonga
Keyword(s):  
Live Streaming ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
House Church ◽  
Triune God ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Church ◽  
Digital Equipment ◽  
At Home

The church is present on earth as an extension of the presence of the kingdom of God among humanity. The church is always present to respond to the conditions and situations of the times in a variety of challenges and temptations. But the church always sided with God's sovereignty and will govern and control everything, including the pandemics experienced by humans on this earth. The Church, currently dealing directly with the Covid-19 pandemic, which has worldwide, and its spread is so massive, and its impact is so wide in various sectors of life. The church was sent to bring the peace of Christ in truth and love. That is why the church responds to the appeal of the Government and health protocols from WHO by carrying out church services at home. Worship at home is not an attempt to establish a house church as a new institution. Worship at home is a form of faith that is responsible for the lives of fellow humans, and at the same time as an expression of love for others. Home worship is a service that is held based on the worship and liturgy of a church institution, where the congregation is part of its members. Principles and mechanisms of worship at home are regulated in such a way that using all available and available digital equipment and technology. The important and most important thing in conducting worship at home is that the congregation continues to truly worship the Triune God, sing praises to God, pray, and the peak and center is to listen to the word of God through preaching live (live streaming) or in recorded form or in printed form.

scholarly journals Reaction Time to Visual Stimulus in Firefighters and Healthy Trained Subjects: A Preliminary Comparative Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Perroni ◽  
Eric Mol ◽  
Anthony Walker ◽  
Calogero Alaimo ◽  
Laura Guidetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Job Performance ◽  
Stimulus Duration ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
And Control

Background: In order to stay safe, and to successfully complete their work, firefighters have to constantly assess and process large numbers of sensory stimuli and adapt to the inherent risks present in the working environment. Objective: The purposes of the present preliminary study were to analyse the speed of Reaction Time responses (RT) of Italian Firefighters and to compare their cognitive responses with non-firefighting subjects. Methods: Anthropometric (weight, height and BMI) and RT (time-to-completion –TTC-, mean of reaction time –MRT-, and errors made -E-) evaluations were administered at 16 volunteers (Age: 40.3 ± 6.7 yrs; BMI: 23.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2) divided in Firefighters (FG) and Control (CG) groups. RT test consisted of 3 trials (T1 = 1s of stimulus duration and 1s interval between stimulus and the other; T2 = 0.5s of stimulus duration and 1s interval between stimulus and the other; T3 = 0.5s of stimulus duration and 0.5s interval between stimulus and the other). Mann Whitney U test between groups was applied to asses differences (p ≤ 0.05) in TTC, MRT, and E while Friedmann test and Dunn-Sidak post hoc were used to evaluate significant differences in the 3 trials in each variable of each group. Results: No significant differences based on anthropometric parameters were observed between groups. Despite no significant differences emerged for TTC and MRT between groups, we observed significant differences in E between groups (CG = 4; FG =12) and in the 3rd condition in each variable of each group. Conclusion: Workout programs that integrate reaction time training with job performance should be created to increase job performance.

scholarly journals Working Class in Soviet and Russian Sociological Discourse

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
V. Gavriliuk ◽  
T. Gavriliuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Planning And Control ◽  
The Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control

The Object of the Study. The correlation of class and stratification approaches in Soviet and post-Soviet sociology.The Subject of the Study. New working class in Russian sociological discourse.The Purpose of the Study. The objectives are to substantiate the necessity of actualizing of the class approach in the study of modern Russian society social structure; identifying the signs of a new working class.The Main Provisions of the Article. In accordance with Marxist ideology, in Soviet sociology a working class was regarded as a protagonist of social change and a center of attraction for the forces of social change. The contemporary integration of workers into the capitalist system, the transition to the economy of the sixth order, the defeat of socialism, the global transition to a postindustrial society require to comprehend the «working question» from a new prospective. The authors actualize the problem of revealing the content and structure of the «new working class», traditional and actual methods of its theoretical conceptualization. The features of class and stratification approaches to the allocation of the working class in the structure of society have been studied. It has been shown that the excessive specification of criteria, non-critical declarative positioning of the middle class into the basis of the Russian society structure, led to a high degree of uncertainty in the model of the social structure of the Russian society of the early XXI century. The author's definition of the concept of a new working class has been given. Defining “the new working class of modern Russia”, we mean a group of employees in all spheres of material production and services whose content and nature of work are routinized and segmented; not participating in management and not having the property rights to the enterprise in which they work. Most of the times, these are workers without higher education. Power and control in the organization do not belong to them, their degree of freedom and authority in organizational structures are limited, they do not influence on the planning and control of labor

Locally Recurrent Neural Networks and Their Applications

2010 ◽  
pp. 195-222
Author(s):  
Todor D. Ganchev
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Recurrent Neural Networks ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Locally Recurrent ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

In this chapter we review various computational models of locally recurrent neurons and deliberate the architecture of some archetypal locally recurrent neural networks (LRNNs) that are based on them. Generalizations of these structures are discussed as well. Furthermore, we point at a number of realworld applications of LRNNs that have been reported in past and recent publications. These applications involve classification or prediction of temporal sequences, discovering and modeling of spatial and temporal correlations, process identification and control, etc. Validation experiments reported in these developments provide evidence that locally recurrent architectures are capable of identifying and exploiting temporal and spatial correlations (i.e., the context in which events occur), which is the main reason for their advantageous performance when compared with the one of their non-recurrent counterparts or other reasonable machine learning techniques.

scholarly journals Long Term Induction of Kindled Seizures in Rats: Interhemispheric Factors

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
José N. Nobrega ◽  
John Gaito
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Sequential Alternation ◽  
Oscillation Pattern ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Split Brain ◽  
And Control ◽  
Kindled Seizures ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY:Previous research indicated that sequential alternation of stimulation of certain homologous brain areas via chronically implanted electrodes resulted in oscillation of high and low latencies for convulsions. This phenomenon suggested the establishment of interhemispheric facilitatory-inhibitory effects as a result of repeated stimulation of the two brain sites. In the present study, the latency oscillation pattern was observed in split-brain rats as well as in bilaterally stimulated controls, but not in rats stimulated on one side only. Significant differences were observed between split-brain and control rats in terms of initial kindling rates, duration of convulsions and type of oscillation. Results are discussed in the context of possible interhemispheric mechanisms involved in long term kindling.

scholarly journals Forecast Possible Risk for COVID-19 Epidemic Dissemination under Current Control Strategies in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxiang Chen ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Binxiang Dai
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Times ◽  
Robust Measures ◽  
And Control

COVID-19 has globally spread to over 4 million people and the epidemic situation in Japan is very serious. The purpose of this research was to assess the risk of COVID-19 epidemic dissemination in Japan by estimating the current state of epidemic dissemination and providing some epidemic prevention and control recommendations. Firstly, the period from 6 January to 31 March 2020 was divided into four stages and the relevant parameters were estimated according to the imported cases in Japan. The basic reproduction number of the current stage is 1.954 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.851–2.025), which means COVID-19 will spread quickly, and the self-healing rate of Japanese is about 0.495 (95% CI 0.437–0.506), with small variations in the four stages. Secondly, the results were applied to the actual reported cases from 1 to 5 April 2020, verifying the reliability of the estimated data using the accumulated reported cases located within the 95% confidence interval and the relative error of forecast data of five days being less than 2.5 % . Thirdly, considering the medical resources in Japan, the times the epidemic beds and ventilators become fully occupied are predicted as 5 and 15 May 2020, respectively. Keeping with the current situation, the final death toll in Japan may reach into the millions. Finally, based on experience with COVID-19 prevention and control in China, robust measures such as nationwide shutdown, store closures, citizens isolating themselves at home, and increasing PCR testing would quickly and effectively prevent COVID-19 spread.

scholarly journals Effect of genes, social experience, and their interaction on the courtship behaviour of transgenic Drosophila males

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLAS SVETEC ◽  
BENJAMIN HOUOT ◽  
JEAN-FRANÇOIS FERVEUR
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
And Control ◽  
Transgenic Drosophila

Behaviour depends (a) on genes that specify the neural and non-neural elements involved in the perception of and responses to sensory stimuli and (b) on experience that can modulate the fine development of these elements. We exposed transgenic and control Drosophila melanogaster males, and their hybrids, to male siblings during adult development and measured the contribution of genes and of experience to their courtship behaviour. The transgene CheB42a specifically targets male gustatory sensillae and alters the perception of male inhibitory pheromones which leads to frequent male–male interactions. The age at which social experience occurred and the genotype of tester males induced a variable effect on the intensity of male homo- and heterosexual courtship. The strong interaction between the effects of genes and of social experience reveals the plasticity of the apparently stereotyped elements involved in male courtship behaviour. Finally, a high intensity of homosexual courtship was found only in males that simultaneously carried a mutation in their white gene and the CheB42a transgene.

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