scholarly journals Forecast Possible Risk for COVID-19 Epidemic Dissemination under Current Control Strategies in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongxiang Chen ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Binxiang Dai
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Times ◽  
Robust Measures ◽  
And Control

COVID-19 has globally spread to over 4 million people and the epidemic situation in Japan is very serious. The purpose of this research was to assess the risk of COVID-19 epidemic dissemination in Japan by estimating the current state of epidemic dissemination and providing some epidemic prevention and control recommendations. Firstly, the period from 6 January to 31 March 2020 was divided into four stages and the relevant parameters were estimated according to the imported cases in Japan. The basic reproduction number of the current stage is 1.954 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.851–2.025), which means COVID-19 will spread quickly, and the self-healing rate of Japanese is about 0.495 (95% CI 0.437–0.506), with small variations in the four stages. Secondly, the results were applied to the actual reported cases from 1 to 5 April 2020, verifying the reliability of the estimated data using the accumulated reported cases located within the 95% confidence interval and the relative error of forecast data of five days being less than 2.5 % . Thirdly, considering the medical resources in Japan, the times the epidemic beds and ventilators become fully occupied are predicted as 5 and 15 May 2020, respectively. Keeping with the current situation, the final death toll in Japan may reach into the millions. Finally, based on experience with COVID-19 prevention and control in China, robust measures such as nationwide shutdown, store closures, citizens isolating themselves at home, and increasing PCR testing would quickly and effectively prevent COVID-19 spread.

scholarly journals When do big problems far away become smaller than the problems closer to home: Lessons for antimicrobial resistance from Father Ted

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjibbe Donker ◽  
Katie L. Hopkins ◽  
Susan Hopkins ◽  
Berit Muller-Pebody ◽  
Tim E.A. Peto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Admission Screening ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
And Control

AbstractInfection prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing the occurrence of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and other antimicrobial-resistant organisms often include advice about screening patients coming from hospitals with a known resistance problem, to prevent introductions into new hospitals by shared patients. We argue that, despite being an efficient method of identifying cases, admission screening for introduction prevention is only effective if the absolute number of imported cases from other hospitals outnumbers the cases coming from the hospital’s own patient population, and therefore is only a feasible control strategy during the start of an epidemic. When determining whether import screening is still advisable, we therefore need to be continuously reminded of how Father Ted so eloquently summarised the principles of perspective: “These are small, but the ones out there are far away”.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics of Confirmed Cases and Nepal’s Response for Prevention and Control of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Sasmita Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction: The first case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan, China. "COVID- 19 has already spread worldwide with the total number of 2,241, 778 confirmed cases and 152, 551 deaths. There are 31 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Nepal as of 19 April 2020." This article aims to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the context of Nepal and discuss prevention and control measures taken by the Government of Nepal (GoN). Methods: The epidemiological characteristics of 31 confirmed cases in Nepal were analyzed using data available from a daily press release and Nepal situation report published by the Ministry of Health and Population, GoN. The data were analyzed and presented using SPSS and Arc GIS. Results: Of these 31confirmed cases, 29 (93.5%) cases were imported into the country and 2 (6.5%) were suspected to be secondary cases originating in Nepal either through the family contact or community contact. Among the confirmed cases, 77.4% are males and four cases have already been recovered. The mean age of confirmed cases in Nepal is 36.7 years, with the age ranging from 19 years to 81 years with the highest number (13) reported from province 1.The highest number of cases (14) were reported on 17 April 2020. Conclusion: The distribution of confirmed cases varied with age, sex, and geographical location. The cases are high in males, in the age group of 20-29 years, and in Udayapur district of Province 1. Most of the confirmed cases in Nepal was reported among the individuals who have recently returned to Nepal from foreign countries with evidence of local transmission in the country linked with the imported cases. Different prevention and control strategies are being implemented at the provincial and national levels with the expansion of laboratory facilities for testing COVID-19.

Effective infection prevention and control strategies in a large accredited psychiatric facility in Singapore

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Poremski ◽  
Sandra Henrietta Subner ◽  
Grace Lam Fong Kin ◽  
Raveen Dev Ram Dev ◽  
Mok Yee Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Psychiatric Facility ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
And Control

The Institute of Mental Health in Singapore continues to attempt to prevent the introduction of COVID-19, despite community transmission. Essential services are maintained and quarantine measures are currently unnecessary. To help similar organizations, strategies are listed along three themes: sustaining essential services, preventing infection, and managing human and consumable resources.

High Rates of Streptococcus Agalactiae Clindamycin and Erythromycin Resistance in Vietnamese Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Du ◽  
Pham Thai Dung ◽  
Nguyen Linh Toan ◽  
Can Mao ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Bac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns. Maternal GBS colonization rates vary depending on geographic area, ethnic and social conditions worldwide. Many studies suggested the continuous surveillance of GBS to provide data to guide decision-making and planning prevention and control strategies. Here, we report the rate and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of GBS from Vietnamese pregnant women over 5 year period. Methods We worked with 3863 Vietnamese pregnant women at < 37 weeks of gestation at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanoi, Vietnam from Jan 2016 to Dec 2020. The data were recorded and retrieved from the computerized laboratory database. GBS was identified according to the American Society for Microbiology’s guidelines. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the VITEK 2 system or E-test strips. The results were calculated according to the MIC breakpoints recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results The positivity for GBS was 8.02% (310/3863) and the highest resistance rate was to tetracycline 89.66% (234/261), followed by 76.23% (202/265) for erythromycin, 58.21% (156/268) for clindamycin. The multidrug-resistance rate was 59.19% (161/272), and 8.46% (23/272) of isolates were resistant to 6 to 7 of the 12 antibiotics. Resistance to clindamycin in the absence of erythromycin resistance was found in 6/272 (2.2%) samples. The resistance rate to clindamycin was significantly increased (p < 0.01) over the time study period. Nevertheless, all isolates were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and vancomycin. Conclusion Our results indicate that penicillin and ampicillin are currently the drugs of choice for the prevention and treatment of GBS-related diseases for Vietnamese pregnant women. However, antibiotic resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was high. Thus, it reinforces the need for continuous surveillance of GBS to provide data to guide planning prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals Waterborne microorganisms and biofilms related to hospital infections: strategies for prevention and control in healthcare facilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Vannucci Capelletti ◽  
Ângela Maria Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Microbiological Control ◽  
And Control

Water is the main stimulus for the development of microorganisms, and its flow has an important role in the spreading of contaminants. In hospitals, the water distribution system requires special attention since it can be a source of pathogens, including those in the form of biofilms often correlated with resistance of microorganisms to various treatments. In this paper, information relevant to cases of nosocomial infections involving water circuits as a source of contaminants is compiled, with emphasis on the importance of microbiological control strategies to prevent the installation, spreading and growth of microorganisms in hospitals. An overview of the worldwide situation is provided, with emphasis on Brazilian hospitals. Different approaches normally used to control the occurrence of nosocomial infections due to waterborne contaminants are analyzed, and the use of the polysaccharide chitosan for this specific application is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Coordinated Management of COVID-19 Response: Lessons From Whole-of-Society and Whole-of-Health Strategies in Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanquan Chen ◽  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Hong Fung ◽  
Yong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Delivery ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
First Line ◽  
And Control

Background: The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been challenging globally following the scarcity of medical resources after a surge in demand. As the pandemic continues, the question remains on how to accomplish more with the existing resources and improve the efficiency of existing health care delivery systems worldwide. In this study, we reviewed the experience from Wuhan - the first city to experience a COVID-19 outbreak – that has presently shown evidence for efficient and effective local control of the epidemic.Material and Methods: We performed a retrospective qualitative study based on the document analysis of COVID-19-related materials and interviews with first-line people in Wuhan.Results: We extracted two themes (the evolution of Wuhan's prevention and control strategies on COVID-19 and corresponding effectiveness) and four sub-themes (routine prevention and control period, exploration period of targeted prevention and control strategies, mature period of prevention and control strategies, and recovery period). How Wuhan combatted COVID-19 through multi-tiered and multi-sectoral collaboration, overcoming its fragmented, hospital-centered, and treatment-dominated healthcare system, was illustrated and summarized.Conclusion: Four lessons for COVID-19 prevention and control were summarized: (a) Engage the communities and primary care not only in supporting but also in screening and controlling, and retain community and primary care as among the first line of COVID-19 defense; (b) Extend and stratify the existing health care delivery system; (c) Integrate person-centered integrated care into the whole coordination; and (d) Delink the revenue relationship between doctors and patients and safeguard the free-will of physicians when treating patients.

scholarly journals Trends of HIV/AIDS Highlighted the Progresses and Challenges in Prevention and Control From 1990 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zejin Ou ◽  
Huan He ◽  
Danfeng Yu ◽  
Yongzhi Li ◽  
Yuanhao Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
And Control ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background HIV/AIDS is a critical public health concern worldwide. This article aimed to demonstrate th trends of HIV/AIDS burden from 1990 to 2019.Methods Data was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBDs) 2019. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and age-standardized rate (ASR) were estimated to quantify the trends at global, regional and national levels.Results During the period 1990-2004, the trend in incidence of HIV/AIDS was stable globally. Whereas the trends in prevalence, death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) had pronounced increasing trends, with the respective EAPCs were 7.47 (95%confidence interval [CI]: 5.84 to 9.12), 10.85(95%CI: 8.90 to 12.84), and 10.40(95%CI: 8.47 to 12.36). Meanwhile, the pronounced increasing trends were seen in low-resource settings, particularly that of death in Oceania and South Asia, in which the respective EAPCs were 44.76 (95%CI: 40.81 to 48.82) and 40.82 (95%CI: 34.31 to 47.64). However, the global trends in incidence, death and DALYs of HIV/AIDS pronouncedly decreased from 2005 to 2019, with the respective EAPCs were −2.68(95%CI: −2.82 to −2.53), −6.73(95%CI: −6.98 to −6.47) and −6.75(95%CI: −6.95 to −6.54). Whereas prevalence showed increasing trend (EAPC: 0.71, 95%CI: 0.54 to 0.87). Decreasing trends of HIV/AIDS were observed in most regions and countries, particularly that of death and DALYs in Burundi respectively were −15.28 (95%CI: −16.08 to −14.47) and −15.07 (95%CI: −15.79 to −14.33). Conclusions Decreasing trends of HIV/AIDS were observed worldwide over the past 15 years. However, HIV/AIDS remains one of the most critical causes of health loss worldwide, which emphasized the effective prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals A Literature Review of Social Network Analysis in Epidemic Prevention and Control

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Wang ◽  
Qi An ◽  
Zilong He ◽  
Wei Fang
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Research ◽  
And Control

Studying the structure and evolution characteristics of social networks is of great significance in assessing and controlling the outbreak of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to find research trends in this field. In this study, 1,752 documents (2001–2020) related to the relationship between the social network and epidemic published from Scopus, WOS (Web of Science), and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases were studied to provide a more comprehensive overview of the frontiers of research in this field, including epidemics in social networks, spread of disease, influence of different factors on the spread of the epidemic, prevention and control strategies of the epidemic, and comparison of various strategies. Besides, several new research directions in this field worthy of attention of researchers are discussed.

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