X-Ray Diagnostics in the Laser-Initiated Fusion Program

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 533-569
Author(s):  
R. P. Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Electronic Energy ◽  
Exciting Field ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Plasma Coupling ◽  
Insight Into

The high-density and high-temperature plasma conditions required for successful laser-initiated fusion make x-ray diagnostics a valuable tool in this exciting field. Measurements of the hard x-ray bremsstrahlung continuum emitted from laser targets provide insight into the complex laser-plasma coupling physics and the subsequent electronic energy transport. X-ray techniques are important in the selection and assay of microballoon targets for current compression experiments. X-ray imaging experiments and diffraction spectroscopy of highly stripped atoms can provide information about the symmetry, density and temperature of laser targets. Extremely high temporal and spatial resolution may be required for definitive diagnostic information on compressed targets. While laser-produced plasmas are interesting as possible intense x-ray sources and as a possible means of achieving x-ray lasing, those topics are outside the scope of this review.

scholarly journals Direct X-Ray Imaging as a Tool for Understanding Multiphysics Phenomena in Energy Storage

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Nelson ◽  
Zachary K. van Zandt ◽  
Piyush D. Jibhakate
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Insight Into

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) has emerged as a key energy storage device for a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to transportation. While LIBs have made key advancements in these areas, limitations remain for Li-ion batteries with respect to affordability, performance, and reliability. These challenges have encouraged the exploration for more advanced materials and novel chemistries to mitigate these limitations. The continued development of Li-ion and other advanced batteries is an inherently multiscale problem that couples electrochemistry, transport phenomena, mechanics, microstructural morphology, and device architecture. Observing the internal structure of batteries, both ex situ and during operation, provides a critical capability for further advancement of energy storage technology. X-ray imaging has been implemented to provide further insight into the mechanisms governing Li-ion batteries through several 2D and 3D techniques. Ex situ imaging has yielded microstructural data from both anode and cathode materials, providing insight into mesoscale structure and composition. Furthermore, since X-ray imaging is a nondestructive process studies have been conducted in situ and in operando to observe the mechanisms of operation as they occur. Data obtained with these methods has also been integrated into multiphysics models to predict and analyze electrode behavior. The following paper provides a brief review of X-ray imaging work related to Li-ion batteries and the opportunities these methods provide for the direct observation and analysis of the multiphysics behavior of battery materials.

scholarly journals Hot Plasma in the Galaxy

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
S. Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Bulge Region ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy

In the X-ray band, we can see weak and extended X-rays along the Galactic plane and near the Galactic Bulge region, although these regions are dominated by many point sources (e.g., Warwick et al. 1985). The Tenma satellite discovered conspicuous emission lines from selected regions near the Galactic plane (Koyama et al. 1986). These lines are identified with K-shell line from He-like Fe, hence the extended emission is attributable to optically thin hot plasmas with temperatures of several keV. The origin of the thin hot plasmas, however, have been debatable, because no class of X-ray objects shows such high temperature plasma emissions. To investigate the origin of the extended X-rays, we are currently observing the Galactic plane regions with the ASCA satellite. In this paper, we report on the ASCA results: the hard X-ray imaging and spectroscopy of the hot plasma in the Galaxy.

scholarly journals 3D microarchitecture of the human tuberculous granuloma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Wells ◽  
Joel N. Glasgow ◽  
Kievershen Nargan ◽  
Kapongo Lumamba ◽  
Rajhmun Madansein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Spherical Structures ◽  
Tuberculous Granuloma ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractOur current understanding of the pathophysiology of human pulmonary TB is limited by the paucity of human TB lung tissue for study and reliance on 2D analytical methods. Here, to overcome the limitations of conventional 2D histopathology, we used high-resolution 3D X-ray imaging (µCT/nCT) to characterize necrotic lesions within human tuberculous lung tissues in relation to the airways and vasculature. We observed marked heterogeneity in the 3D structure and volume of lesions. Also, 3D imaging of large human TB lung sections provides unanticipated new insight into the spatial organization of TB lesions in relation to airways and the vascular system. Contrary to the current dogma depicting granulomas as simple spherical structures, we show that TB lesions exhibit complex, cylindrical, branched-type morphologies, which are connected to, and shaped by, the small airways. Our results highlight the likelihood that a single structurally complex lesion could be wrongly viewed as multiple independent lesions when evaluated in 2D. These findings have strong implications for understanding the pathophysiology and evolution of TB disease and suggest that aerosolized drug delivery strategies for TB should be reconsidered.

scholarly journals Vibrational exciton nanoimaging of phases and domains in porphyrin nanocrystals

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (13) ◽  
pp. 7030-7037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Muller ◽  
Thomas P. Gray ◽  
Zhou Zhou ◽  
Xinbin Cheng ◽  
Omar Khatib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Correlation Lengths ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Nanoscale Structure ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Insight Into

Much of the electronic transport, photophysical, or biological functions of molecular materials emerge from intermolecular interactions and associated nanoscale structure and morphology. However, competing phases, defects, and disorder give rise to confinement and many-body localization of the associated wavefunction, disturbing the performance of the material. Here, we employ vibrational excitons as a sensitive local probe of intermolecular coupling in hyperspectral infrared scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (IR s-SNOM) with complementary small-angle X-ray scattering to map multiscale structure from molecular coupling to long-range order. In the model organic electronic material octaethyl porphyrin ruthenium(II) carbonyl (RuOEP), we observe the evolution of competing ordered and disordered phases, in nucleation, growth, and ripening of porphyrin nanocrystals. From measurement of vibrational exciton delocalization, we identify coexistence of ordered and disordered phases in RuOEP that extend down to the molecular scale. Even when reaching a high degree of macroscopic crystallinity, identify significant local disorder with correlation lengths of only a few nanometers. This minimally invasive approach of vibrational exciton nanospectroscopy and -imaging is generally applicable to provide the molecular-level insight into photoresponse and energy transport in organic photovoltaics, electronics, or proteins.

Imaging solar-terrestrial interactions on the global scale: The SMILE mission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziella Branduardi-Raymont ◽  
Chi Wang ◽  
C. Philippe Escoubet ◽  
Steve Sembay ◽  
Eric Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Particle Injection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging

<p>A key link in the Sun – Earth connection is the solar wind coupling with the terrestrial magnetosphere. Mass and energy enter geospace via dayside magnetic reconnection; reconnection in the tail leads to release of energy and particle injection deep into the magnetosphere, causing geomagnetic substorms. The end product of these processes is the visual manifestation of variable auroral emissions. These have been observed both from the ground and from space, the latter for relatively short continuous periods of time. In situ measurements by a fleet of solar wind and magnetospheric missions, current and planned, can provide the most detailed observations of the plasma conditions both in the incoming solar wind and magnetospheric plasma. However, we are still unable to quantify the global effects of the drivers of Sun - Earth connections, and to monitor their evolution with time. This information is the key missing link for developing a comprehensive understanding of how the Sun gives rise to and controls the Earth's plasma environment and space weather. We are now able to take a novel approach to global monitoring of geospace: X-ray imaging of the magnetosheath and cusps is made possible by the X-ray emission produced in the process of solar wind charge exchange, first observed at comets, and subsequently found to occur in the vicinity of solar system planets, including the Earth's magnetosphere. This is where SMILE (Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer) comes in.</p><p>SMILE is a novel self-standing mission dedicated to observing the solar wind – magnetosphere coupling at Earth via simultaneous X-ray imaging of the magnetosheath and polar cusps (large spatial scales at the magnetopause), UV imaging of global auroral distributions (mesoscale structures in the ionosphere) and in situ solar wind/magnetosheath plasma and magnetic field measurements. SMILE will provide scientific data on solar wind – magnetosphere interaction at the global level while monitoring it continuously for long, uninterrupted periods of time from a highly elliptical northern polar orbit.</p><p>SMILE is a collaborative mission between ESA and the Chinese Academy of Sciences that was selected in Nov. 2015, adopted into ESA’s Cosmic Vision Programme in March 2019, and is due for launch at the end of 2024. The novel science that SMILE will deliver, the ongoing technical developments and scientific preparations, and the current status of the mission, will be presented.</p>

In operando visualization of electrolyte stratification dynamics in lead-acid battery using phase-contrast X-ray imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (66) ◽  
pp. 9553-9556
Author(s):  
Daiko Takamatsu ◽  
Tatsumi Hirano ◽  
Akio Yoneyama ◽  
Takayuki Kimura ◽  
Motoko Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Real Time Visualization ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
In Operando ◽  
Lead Acid

Real-time visualization of electrolyte stratification dynamics under lead-acid battery operation with high temporal and spatial resolution by phase-contrast X-ray imaging.

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