The Evolution of X-Ray Instrumentation at Rich. Seifert & Co.

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
A. Haase
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
German Language ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
World War ◽  
Executive Management ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Max Von Laue

To facilitate orientation in time, some selected events will be briefly presented. Approximately five hundred years ago, Columbus discovered America. One hundred years ago, on November 8th, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad R6ntgen discovered the X-rays which in the German language are called after him. In 1912 Max von Laue conducted the first X-ray diffraction experiment. In 1892 Richard Seifert Sr. founded the Electrotechnical Plant in Hamburg. After World War I (1914-1918) the company founder gradually handed the firm over to his son Richard Seifert Jr. After his son had completed studies in physics and electrical engineering he conducted pioneering experiments on the application of X-rays in science and technology. From the very beginning, X-ray equipment was produced in the three fields of medicine, science and technology. It was only ten years after World War II (1939-1945) that the line of medical equipment was discontinued and the daughter [1] as a member of the third generation gradually took over executive management tasks.

scholarly journals Terrazzo floor from the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw – mineralogical characterization, conservation and impact of fire

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Wojciech Bartz ◽  
Jacek Martusewicz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Simultaneous Thermal Analysis ◽  
Iron Ions ◽  
Thermal Impact ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
World War ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Repair Mortars

Abstract Samples of historical terrazzo floor from the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, dated back to the thirties of the twentieth century, have been analysed. Investigations by polarised optical microscopy, scanning microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and simultaneous thermal analysis were preformed. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that terrazzo tiles were prepared on the basis of ordinary Portland cement and aggregate, dominated with crushed stone (marble, serpentinite, limestone and marl), accompanied by sparse quartz sand grains. The binding mass was colourised with the use of pigments containing iron ions. The occurrence of altered serpentinite and marble grains, the latter clouded and partly replaced with micrite, the presence of portlandite, indicate the terrazzo tiles were subjected to thermal impact. This is related to the fire that took place at the beginning of World War II. Based on this study, repair mortars were formulated, on one hand compatible with the authentic ones, on the other retaining traces of fire.

Frontier methods in coherent X-ray diffraction for high-resolution structure determination

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Gallagher-Jones ◽  
Jose A. Rodriguez ◽  
Jianwei Miao
Keyword(s):  
Structure Determination ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffractive Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coherent Diffractive Imaging ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Max Von Laue ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
High Resolution Structure

AbstractIn 1912, Max von Laue and collaborators first observed diffraction spots from a millimeter-sized crystal of copper sulfate using an X-ray tube. Crystallography was born of this experiment, and since then, diffraction by both X-rays and electrons has revealed a myriad of inorganic and organic structures, including structures of complex protein assemblies. Advancements in X-ray sources have spurred a revolution in structure determination, facilitated by the development of new methods. This review explores some of the frontier methods that are shaping the future of X-ray diffraction, including coherent diffractive imaging, serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering. Collectively, these methods expand the current limits of structure determination in biological systems across multiple length and time scales.

Arthur von Hippel and Magnetism

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 849-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Goodenough
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Wide Frequency Range ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
World War ◽  
Relaxation Data ◽  
Magnetic Studies ◽  
Microwave Frequencies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Loosely Coupled ◽  
Fundamental Information

AbstractThis article examines the role that Arthur von Hippel played in magnetism work in the 1950s.Von Hippel understood that the ferrimagnetic insulators represented by the ferrospinels, magnetoplumbites, and ferrogarnets were critical for the high-frequency technology that was being developed after World War II. At the Laboratory for Insulation Research at MIT, he and his students concentrated on the response of these materials to electric and magnetic excitations over a wide frequency range that extended, with gaps, from dc to the ultraviolet. For magnetic studies, he used microwave frequencies to obtain resonance and relaxation data that could be interpreted because the magnetic spins are relatively loosely coupled to their surroundings. He supplemented these resonance studies with classical magnetometer, transport, and x-ray diffraction measurements on single-crystal samples in order to obtain fundamental information that would aid in the design of materials for technical applications.

Introduction

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Pickworth Glusker ◽  
Kenneth N. Trueblood
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Max Von Laue

Much of our present knowledge of the architecture of molecules has been obtained from studies of the diffraction of X rays or neutrons by crystals. X rays are scattered by the electrons of atoms and ions, and the interference between the X rays scattered by the different atoms or ions. in a crystal can result in a diffraction pattern. Similarly, neutrons are scattered by the nuclei of atoms. Measurements on a crystal diffraction pattern can lead to information on the arrangement of atoms or ions within the crystal. This is the experimental technique to be described in this book. X-ray diffraction was first used to establish the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal by William Lawrence Bragg in 1913 (Bragg, 1913), shortly after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen had discovered X rays and Max von Laue had shown in 1912 that these X rays could be diffracted by crystals (Röntgen, 1895; Friedrich et al., 1912). Later, in 1927 and 1936 respectively, it was also shown that electrons and neutrons could be diffracted by crystals (Davisson and Germer, 1927; von Halban and Preiswerk, 1936; Mitchell and Powers, 1936). Bragg found from X-ray diffraction studies that, in crystals of sodium chloride, each sodium is surrounded by six equidistant chlorines and each chlorine by six equidistant sodiums. No discrete molecules of NaCl were found and therefore Bragg surmised that the crystal consisted of sodium ions and chloride ions rather than individual (noncharged) atoms (Bragg, 1913); this had been predicted earlier by William Barlow and William Jackson Pope (Barlow and Pope, 1907), but had not, prior to the research of the Braggs, been demonstrated experimentally. A decade and a half later, in 1928, Kathleen Lonsdale used X-ray diffraction methods to show that the benzene ring is a flat regular hexagon in which all carbon–carbon bonds are equal in length, rather than a ring structure that contains alternating single and double bonds (Lonsdale, 1928).Her experimental result, later confirmed by spectroscopic studies (Stoicheff, 1954), was of great significance in chemistry.

Backlash: The Unintended Effects of Language Prohibition in U.S. Schools after World War I

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Fouka
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
German Language ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
Assimilation Policy

Abstract Do forced assimilation policies always succeed in integrating immigrant groups? This article examines how a specific assimilation policy—language restrictions in elementary school—affects integration and identification with the host country later in life. After World War I, several U.S. states barred the German language from their schools. Affected individuals were less likely to volunteer in World War II and more likely to marry within their ethnic group and to choose decidedly German names for their offspring. Rather than facilitating the assimilation of immigrant children, the policy instigated a backlash, heightening the sense of cultural identity among the minority.

X-ray diffraction properties of curved crystal diffractors

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1734-1735
Author(s):  
W. Z. Chang ◽  
D. B. Wittry
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Theory ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Diffraction Image ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rocking Curve ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bent Crystal ◽  
Diffraction Geometry ◽  
Crystal Parameter ◽  
Quantitative Procedure

Since Du Mond and Kirkpatrick first discussed the principle of a bent crystal spectrograph in 1930, curved single crystals have been widely utilized as spectrometric monochromators as well as diffractors for focusing x rays diverging from a point. Curved crystal diffraction theory predicts that the diffraction parameters - the rocking curve width w, and the peak reflection coefficient r of curved crystals will certainly deviate from those of their flat form. Due to a lack of curved crystal parameter data in current literature and the need for optimizing the choice of diffraction geometry and crystal materials for various applications, we have continued the investigation of our technique presented at the last conference. In the present abstract, we describe a more rigorous and quantitative procedure for measuring the parameters of curved crystals.The diffraction image of a singly bent crystal under study can be obtained by using the Johann geometry with an x-ray point source.

Cinema's Military Industrial Complex

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
World War ◽  
Film Exhibition ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
The Military

Cinema’s Military Industrial Complex examines how the American military has used cinema and related visual, sonic, and mobile technologies to further its varied aims. The essays in this book address the way cinema was put to work for purposes of training, orientation, record keeping, internal and external communication, propaganda, research and development, tactical analysis, surveillance, physical and mental health, recreation, and morale. The contributors examine the technologies and types of films that were produced and used in collaboration among the military, film industry, and technology manufacturers. The essays also explore the goals of the American state, which deployed the military and its unique modes of filmmaking, film exhibition, and film viewing to various ends. Together, the essays reveal the military’s deep investment in cinema, which began around World War I, expanded during World War II, continued during the Cold War (including wars in Korea and Vietnam), and still continues in the ongoing War on Terror.

The Fascist Turn in the Dance of Serge Lifar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Franko
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Critical Reception ◽  
World War ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Critical Discourses

This book is an examination of neoclassical ballet initially in the French context before and after World War I (circa 1905–1944) with close attention to dancer and choreographer Serge Lifar. Since the critical discourses analyzed indulged in flights of poetic fancy a distinction is made between the Lifar-image (the dancer on stage and object of discussion by critics), the Lifar-discourse (the writings on Lifar as well as his own discourse), and the Lifar-person (the historical actor). This topic is further developed in the final chapter into a discussion of the so-called baroque dance both as a historical object and as a motif of contemporary experimentation as it emerged in the aftermath of World War II (circa 1947–1991) in France. Using Lifar as a through-line, the book explores the development of critical ideas of neoclassicism in relation to his work and his drift toward a fascist position that can be traced to the influence of Nietzsche on his critical reception. Lifar’s collaborationism during the Occupation confirms this analysis. The discussion of neoclassicism begins in the final years of the nineteenth-century and carries us through the Occupation; then track the baroque in its gradual development from the early 1950s through the end of the 1980s and early 1990s.

Dr Joseph Dudley ‘Benjy’ Benjafield: Microbiologist, soldier and Bentley Boy racing driver

2019 ◽  
pp. 096777201987609
Author(s):  
Liam McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Army Medical ◽  
Consultant Physician ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Bacteriological Laboratory

Dr Joseph Dudley ‘Benjy’ Benjafield qualified from University College Hospital Medical School, London in 1912. He joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I and was in charge of the 37th Mobile Bacteriological Laboratory serving with the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force when the Spanish flu struck in late 1918. He observed the features and clinical course of the pandemic and published his findings in the British Medical Journal in 1919. On return to civilian life, he was appointed as Consultant physician to St George’s Hospital, Hyde Park Corner, London where he remained in practice for the rest of his career. He was a respected amateur gentleman racing driver frequently racing at the Brooklands circuit from 1924 after buying a Bentley 3-litre and entering the Le Mans 24 h race seven times between 1925 and 1935, winning in 1927. He was one of an elite club of young men known as The Bentley Boys and went on to become a founding member of the British Racing Drivers Club (BRDC) in 1927. He rejoined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II, serving briefly again in Egypt. He died in 1957.

Investigation of the phase shift in X-ray forward diffraction using an X-ray interferometer

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi Hirano ◽  
Atsushi Momose
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Silicon Crystal ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Perfect Crystal ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bragg Geometry

The phase shift of forward-diffracted X-rays by a perfect crystal is discussed on the basis of the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. By means of a triple Laue-case X-ray interferometer, the phase shift of forward-diffracted X-rays by a silicon crystal in the Bragg geometry was investigated.

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