On the cultivation of dental spirochetes

The method of cultivation of most spirochaetes is not yet generally available to every bacteriological laboratory; cultivation is associated with considerable, sometimes even insurmountable difficulties, both in relations to preparation of nutrient media and cultivation technique itself, and especially in terms of obtaining pure cultures. For preparation of nutrient media one usually needs blood serum of human, horse, rabbit, ram or guinea pig, or ascitic fluid or hydrocele fluid.

Optimization of hydrochemical composition of water in plant growing by structurization method

The aim is to study the change of the main hydrochemical indicators of river water quality during its structuring, regarding the optimization of its composition when used in crop production. Water samples were taken from the Southern Bug River within the Vinnytsia Region. Water structuring was performed before analysis using an Ojas structurizer. Laboratory experiments were performed in the chemical-bacteriological laboratory of KP Vinnytsiaoblvodokanal. Indicators were determined: total rigidity; hydrogen pH; content of chlorides, nitrates, ammonium; electrolytic conductivity, taste and aftertaste. It is established that the hydrochemical composition of water used for irrigation and spraying in crop production and agriculture plays an important role in their efficiency and impact on soils and plants. Among such characteristics of water, the value of water reaction pH, total hardness, concentration of chlorides, nitrates, ammonium and electrical conductivity are paramount. The hydrogen pH of unstructured water was 7.49 pH. Water structuring reduced this figure to 7.17 pH. The total hardness of unstructured water was 4.8 mg/dm3. The structuring reduced the value of its total stiffness to the level of 4.7 mg/dm3. The structuring did not change the concentration of chlorides in water — 45.0 mg/dm3 in both cases. The content of nitrates in unstructured water was 0.50 mg/dm3, and its structuring reduces this figure below the sensitivity of the measuring instrument (less than 0.50 mg/dm3), which is more than 2.0% or more, but this value could not be established reliably due to the technical sensitivity of the device. The ammonium content in unstructured water was 0.07 mg/dm3. During water structuring, the ammonium concentration decreased to 0.05 mg/dm3. The electrolytic conductivity of unstructured water was 563.0 µm cm/cm. During its structuring, it increased to 568.0 µm cm/cm. The taste of unstructured and structured water did not differ and was 1 point. The structuring of river water used in crop production and agriculture causes a decrease in the concentration of ammonium in it by 28.57%; nitrates — by 2.0% or more; reduction of hydrogen pH by 4.27% and total hardness — by 2.08%; increase in water conductivity by 0.88%, which optimizes their characteristics. At the same time, the taste and concentration of chlorides in water do not change during its structuring.

Monitoring of antibiotic resistance in problem microorganisms in patients with purulent wounds

Objective: to study changes in the resistance of problem microorganisms to antibacterial drugs in patients with purulent wounds. Material and methods. On the basis of a bacteriological laboratory, within 2006-2007 and 2019-2020, 92 and 99 patients with purulent wounds of various locations, respectively, were examined by the standard bacteriological methods. Results. For the past 13 years, significant changes have occurred in the etiological structure of gram-negative problem microorganisms in patients with purulent wounds. Reliably significant increases were found in the share of K. pneumoniae - about 8 times, and A. baumannii - about 9 times. However, the proportion of MRSA has not changed. The most effective drugs for MRSA were vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline - 0 % of resistant isolates; for K. pneumoniae - colistin (0 %), tigecycline (8.33 %); for P. aeruginosа - colistin (0 %), doripenem (45.45 %); for A. baumannii - ampicillin + sulbactam (0 %), colistin (0 %). Conclusions. For infections caused by MRSA , glycopeptides (vancomycin) should be recommended as the drug-of-choice, and the reserve drugs - oxazolidinones (linezolid) and glycylcyclins (tigecycline); K. pneumoniae - colistin and tigecycline; P. aeruginosa - carbapenems (doripenem) and colistin; A.baumannii - penicillins or cephalosporins with sulbactam (ampicillin + sulbactam) and colistin.

From the Bacteriological Laboratory prof. Afanasyev at the Clinical Institute of the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna. Obtained by means of a samovar of sterilized water for aseptic operations.

In recent years, there has been an increasing and widespread use of the aseptic material. It is accepted by surgeons, gynecologists during operations, it is accepted by obstetricians during childbirth and during obstetric operations. At the same time, the extraction of sterilized water is of great importance, which, in some operations, requires a large amount. Surgeons try to work without irrigation, according to the so-called dry method (Laderr'a), in which the separation from the wound is removed with sterilized cotton balls.

Outstanding scientist and bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine

Waldemar Haffkine is an outstanding bacteriologist, immunologist and epidemiologist who was born in Ukraine. He studied at the Department of Natural Sciences at the Imperial Novorossiisk University (now Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University), and his scientific career as a zoologist began under the guidance of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine Ilia Mechnikov. Working at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, he developed a vaccine against cholera, tested its effectiveness on himself and for the first time vaccinated people against bacterial diseases. During the cholera epidemic in India, he established a vaccine production, organized preventive vaccinations and inoculated tens of thousands of people, as a result of which morbidity and mortality decreased tenfold. When the plague epidemic struck Bombay, W. Haffkine soon developed a plague vaccine and re-tested its safety. He founded a bacteriological laboratory in Bombay for the production of vaccines and organized large-scale vaccination schemes. The Haffkine Institute still makes millions of doses of vaccines and serums, saving people from cholera, plague, typhus, rabies, tetanus and other diseases. Keywords: anticholera vaccine, antiplague vaccination, inoculation schemes, the Haffkine Institute.

Assessment of conjunctival flora in eyes with lacrimal passage obstruction before and after successful dacryoendoscopic recanalisation

BackgroundTo investigate conjunctival bacterial flora in eyes with lacrimal passage obstruction before and after dacryoendoscopic recanalisation with lacrimal tube intubation.MethodsOne-hundred fifty eyes with lacrimal passage obstruction that were successfully treated by dacryoendoscopic recanalisation were enrolled. Conjunctival sampling was done for each eye before and 4 months after surgery. The lower fornix was rubbed by a sterile cotton swab, and the collected samples were cultured with several agar plates. Colonies were differentiated and enumerated by standard bacteriological laboratory techniques.ResultsPositive bacterial growth was detected in 42.0% of all the samples before surgery, and the positivity rate significantly decreased to 26.0% after surgery (p=0.0051). The number of strains detected also decreased from 20 before surgery to 9 after surgery, especially pathogenic microorganisms decreased. In addition, drug-resistant bacteria such as penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected in nine eyes before surgery but were detected only in one eye after surgery. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci and Corynebacterium spp., which are common in normal conjunctival flora, accounted for 46.5% of all the isolates before surgery and 80.9% after surgery, showing a significant increase in the rate after surgery (p<0.0001).ConclusionsThis study showed that physiological recanalisation of lacrimal passage after dacryoendoscopic surgery significantly decreased the culture positivity rate of conjunctival sac and the number of microorganism strains detected. It also decreased the number of potentially pathogenic and drug-resistant bacteria and increased the percentages of indigenous bacteria, causing the normalisation of conjunctival flora.

Исследование вагинального микробиома женщин с привычным невынашиванием беременности, а также спектра выделяемых ими газовых сигнальных молекул

Введение. Проблема невынашивания беременности в настоящее время не теряет своей актуальности. Частота данной патологии по оценкам различных авторов составляет от 2 до 5% в общей популяции. Как известно, инфекционный фактор играет весьма значимую роль в генезе привычного невынашивания. Вопрос об этиологической роли инфекции в привычном невынашивании широко дискутируется в литературе. Цель исследования - анализ микробиома влагалища здоровых женщин и женщин с привычным невынашиванием беременности, а также спектра выделяемых лактобациллами газовых сигнальных молекул, играющих важную роль в поддержании здоровой жизнедеятельности организма. Методика. Забор материала из влагалища производили стерильным тампоном на полистироловой палочке с площади 1 см2 и в течение 2 ч доставляли в бактериологическую лабораторию. Для выделения факультативно анаэробных и аэробных бактерий использовали питательные среды: Эндо агар для энтеробактерий, маннит-солевой агар (М118) для стафилококков, микрококков, для выявления лецитиназной активности - агар Бэрда-Паркера и так далее. Культивирование проводили при температуре 37 °С в течение 24-48 ч. Количество колоний выражали в lg КОЕ/мл. Продукцию газовых сигнальных молекул (H2, O2, N2, CO, CH4, CO2, NO, H2S) определяли с помощью метода газовой хроматографии на приборе Хроматэк-кристалл 5000.2. Количество выделенных газов измеряли в ppm (млн-1) . Результаты. Спектр основного микробиома влагалища здоровых женщин в возрасте 19-23 лет представлен бактериями нормальной микробиоты родов Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus (эпидермальные штаммы). Условно-патогенные грибы рода Candida, бактероиды, золотистый стафилококк, стрептококки, микрококки, вейлонеллы, гарднереллы и актиномицеты выделялись в редких случаях. Различные штаммы лактобацилл выделялась у 91% здоровых женщин. Среди газовых молекул, продуцируемых лактобациллами, преобладали: СО2, СО и NO. Установлены дисбиотические нарушения микробиома влагалища у небеременных женщин с привычным невынашиванием беременности в анамнезе. Также у данной группы пациенток отмечено снижение продукции газовых сигнальных молекул: СО и NO, и повышение продукции H2S и CH4. Выводы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют об угнетении иммунного ответа у данной категории больных и необходимости коррекции дисбиотических нарушений еще на этапе прегравидарной подготовки.Background. The issue of habitual miscarriage is very important at the present time. Prevalence of this pathology is approximately 2-5%. Infection considerably contributes to the pathogenesis of habitual miscarriage. The etiology of infection has been widely discussed in the literature. Aim. To study the vaginal microbiome of healthy women and women with habitual miscarriage as well as the spectrum of gaseous signal molecules released by lactobacillus, which is essential for maintaining healthy vital activity. Method. Samples of vaginal material were collected with a sterile swab on a polystyrene stick from an area of 1 cm2; the samples were delivered to the bacteriological laboratory within 2 hours. Facultative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria were isolated using the following nutrient media: Endo agar for enterobacteria; mannitol-salt agar (M118) for staphylococci and micrococci; Baird-Parker agar for detection of lecithinase activity, etc. Cultivation was performed at 37°C for 24-48 hours. The number of colonies was expressed in l g CFU/ml. Production of gaseous signaling molecules (H2, O2, N2, CO, CH4, CO2, NO, and H2S) was determined using a Chromatech Crystal 5000.2 gas chromatograph. The amount of gases was measured in ppm. Results. The major vaginal microbiome spectrum of healthy women (19-23 years) was represented by normal microbiota bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus (epidermal strains). Opportunistic fungi of the genera Candida, Bacteroides, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci, Micrococci, Weylonella, Gardnerella, and Actinomycetes were found rarely. Lactobacillus strains were isolated from 91% of healthy women. Lactobacilli produced most of CO2, CO, and NO molecules. Dysbiotic vaginal microbiome was found in non-pregnant women with a history of habitual miscarriage. These patients also had decreased production of CO and NO, and increased production of H2S and CH4. Conclusion. The study demonstrated suppression of the immune response in this category of patients. Dysbiosis requires correction prior to pregnancy.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT DAUN SUKUN (Artocarpus altilis) METODE PERKOLASI TERHADAP Pseudomonas aeroginusa

Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui daya hambat ekstrak etil asetat daun sukun metode perkolasi dan konsentrasi optimal ekstrak daun sukun yang dapat menghambat Pseudomonas aeroginusa. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik eksperimental dengan pendekatan post tes with control. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Juli 2018 sampai dengan Mei 2019 di Laboratorium Bakteriologi STIKES Nasional. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis dengan uji lanjut Man Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan diameter zona hambat ektrak etil asetat daun sukun terhadap P aeroginusa metode perkolasi berturut turut pada konsentrasi 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100% adalah .9; 12 mm; 13.17 mm; 14.17 mm; 15.67 mm, hasil uji Kruskal Wallis didapati nilap p 0.000, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ektrak etil asetat daun sukun mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeroginusa dengan konsentrasi optimal 100%. The research about Antibacteria of Percolation Etyl Acetate of Breadfruit Leaf Extract to inhibit Pseudomonas aeroginusa had finished.. This study is an analytic experimental design and post test with control. The research was done during Juli 2018 to May 2019 at Bacteriological Laboratory of STIKES Nasional. Hypothesis test is done with Kruskal Wallis, post hoc test followed by Man Whitney. The result of this study has been found radical zone diameter in 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% concentration are 9 mm; 12 mm; 13.17 mm; 14.17 mm; 15.67 mm. The result Kruskal Wallis test is found to be signicant, which means Artocarpus altilis leaf ethyl acetate extract are able to inhibit the growth of P. aeroginusa with optimum concentration is 100%.

Dr Joseph Dudley ‘Benjy’ Benjafield: Microbiologist, soldier and Bentley Boy racing driver

Dr Joseph Dudley ‘Benjy’ Benjafield qualified from University College Hospital Medical School, London in 1912. He joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I and was in charge of the 37th Mobile Bacteriological Laboratory serving with the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force when the Spanish flu struck in late 1918. He observed the features and clinical course of the pandemic and published his findings in the British Medical Journal in 1919. On return to civilian life, he was appointed as Consultant physician to St George’s Hospital, Hyde Park Corner, London where he remained in practice for the rest of his career. He was a respected amateur gentleman racing driver frequently racing at the Brooklands circuit from 1924 after buying a Bentley 3-litre and entering the Le Mans 24 h race seven times between 1925 and 1935, winning in 1927. He was one of an elite club of young men known as The Bentley Boys and went on to become a founding member of the British Racing Drivers Club (BRDC) in 1927. He rejoined the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II, serving briefly again in Egypt. He died in 1957.

Fighting zoonotic, rabies and public health in Colonial India

<p>Rabies is the oldest Zoonotic diseases in the world and one of the most important Zoonotic diseases in India. It was one of the most difficult problems confronted both by the medical and veterinary authorities in colonial India. The disease is transmitted from animal to animal and from animal to man through saliva. More than 90 per cent of cases of human rabies are transmitted by dogs which was a major concern of public health. A few British officials and soldiers were bitten by dogs during the colonial period. As a result, they suffered from rabies. As ownerless dogs were infested all through the country, the disease prevailed largely at that time. Gradually, rabies became a problem to the colonial Government. Louis Pasteur obtained his first success against rabies through vaccination in 1885. At that time, Dr. Lingard, Bacteriologist, had proposed to introduce a system of anti-rabies vaccination in the Bacteriological laboratory at Poona. A similar proposal was also submitted by J.H.B. Hallen, a civil Surgeon in 1890. Later, five institutes were established in India for anti-rabies treatment. Gradually rabies patients were treated at pasture institute. Thus, this paper examines impact of rabies, treatment and veterinary public health policy in colonial India. The great Zoonotic waves of rabies that suffered public health in colonial India are also focus of this paper.</p>