scholarly journals Liposomes for Targeted Delivery of Active Agents against Neurodegenerative Diseases (Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Spuch ◽  
Carmen Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Blood Brain

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease represent a huge unmet medical need. The prevalence of both diseases is increasing, but the efficacy of treatment is still very limited due to various factors including the blood brain barrier (BBB). Drug delivery to the brain remains the major challenge for the treatment of all neurodegenerative diseases because of the numerous protective barriers surrounding the central nervous system. New therapeutic drugs that cross the BBB are critically needed for treatment of many brain diseases. One of the significant factors on neurotherapeutics is the constraint of the blood brain barrier and the drug release kinetics that cause peripheral serious side effects. Contrary to common belief, neurodegenerative and neurological diseases may be multisystemic in nature, and this presents numerous difficulties for their potential treatment. Overall, the aim of this paper is to summarize the last findings and news related to liposome technology in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and demonstrate the potential of this technology for the development of novel therapeutics and the possible applications of liposomes in the two most widespread neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Liposomes: Novel Drug Delivery Approach for Targeting Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (37) ◽  
pp. 4721-4737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhumika Kumar ◽  
Mukesh Pandey ◽  
Faheem H. Pottoo ◽  
Faizana Fayaz ◽  
Anjali Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Targeting ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Brain

Parkinson’s disease is one of the most severe progressive neurodegenerative disorders, having a mortifying effect on the health of millions of people around the globe. The neural cells producing dopamine in the substantia nigra of the brain die out. This leads to symptoms like hypokinesia, rigidity, bradykinesia, and rest tremor. Parkinsonism cannot be cured, but the symptoms can be reduced with the intervention of medicinal drugs, surgical treatments, and physical therapies. Delivering drugs to the brain for treating Parkinson’s disease is very challenging. The blood-brain barrier acts as a highly selective semi-permeable barrier, which refrains the drug from reaching the brain. Conventional drug delivery systems used for Parkinson’s disease do not readily cross the blood barrier and further lead to several side-effects. Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies have facilitated drug delivery to the brain without flooding the bloodstream and by directly targeting the neurons. In the era of Nanotherapeutics, liposomes are an efficient drug delivery option for brain targeting. Liposomes facilitate the passage of drugs across the blood-brain barrier, enhances the efficacy of the drugs, and minimize the side effects related to it. The review aims at providing a broad updated view of the liposomes, which can be used for targeting Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals A first-principles study on potential chelation agents and indicators of Alzheimer's disease

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (58) ◽  
pp. 35574-35581
Author(s):  
Bryan Wang ◽  
Xuan Luo
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Serum Transferrin ◽  
Human Serum Transferrin ◽  
First Principles Study ◽  
Blood Brain

Human-serum transferrin is involved in the transportation of aluminum across the blood–brain barrier.

scholarly journals Probable Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease

Sci ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
James David Adams
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Folate Intake ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

A three-part mechanism is proposed for the induction of Alzheimer’s disease: (1) decreased blood lactic acid; (2) increased blood ceramide and adipokines; (3) decreased blood folic acid. The age-related nature of these mechanisms comes from age-associated decreased muscle mass, increased visceral fat and changes in diet. This mechanism also explains why many people do not develop Alzheimer’s disease. Simple changes in lifestyle and diet can prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a cascade of events that culminates in damage to the blood–brain barrier and damage to neurons. The blood–brain barrier keeps toxic molecules out of the brain and retains essential molecules in the brain. Lactic acid is a nutrient to the brain and is produced by exercise. Damage to endothelial cells and pericytes by inadequate lactic acid leads to blood–brain barrier damage and brain damage. Inadequate folate intake and oxidative stress induced by activation of transient receptor potential cation channels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase damage the blood–brain barrier. NAD depletion due to inadequate intake of nicotinamide and alterations in the kynurenine pathway damages neurons. Changes in microRNA levels may be the terminal events that cause neuronal death leading to Alzheimer’s disease. A new mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease induction is presented involving lactic acid, ceramide, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, folate, nicotinamide, kynurenine metabolites and microRNA.

scholarly journals The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Patrycja Pawlik ◽  
Katarzyna Błochowiak
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers

Many neurodegenerative diseases present with progressive neuronal degeneration, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairment. Early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are necessary to begin treatment before the onset of clinical symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Biomarkers have shown great potential as a diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of many diseases, including AD and PD. However, screening for these biomarkers usually includes invasive, complex and expensive methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling through a lumbar puncture. Researchers are continuously seeking to find a simpler and more reliable diagnostic tool that would be less invasive than CSF sampling. Saliva has been studied as a potential biological fluid that could be used in the diagnosis and early screening of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an insight into the current literature concerning salivary biomarkers used in the diagnosis of AD and PD. The most commonly studied salivary biomarkers in AD are β-amyloid1-42/1-40 and TAU protein, as well as α-synuclein and protein deglycase (DJ-1) in PD. Studies continue to be conducted on this subject and researchers are attempting to find correlations between specific biomarkers and early clinical symptoms, which could be key in creating new treatments for patients before the onset of symptoms.

Recent Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery Approaches using Lipidic and Polymeric Nanocarriers for the management of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhara Lakdawala ◽  
Md Abdur Rashid ◽  
Farhan Jalees Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
The Brain

: Drug delivery to the brain has remained a significant challenge in treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which primarily obstructs the access of drugs and biomolecules into the brain. Several methods to overcome the blood-brain barrier have been employed, such as chemical disruption, surgical intervention, focused ultrasound, intranasal delivery and using nanocarriers. Nanocarrier systems remain the method of choice and have shown promising results over the past decade to achieve better drug targeting. Polymeric nanocarriers and lipidic nanoparticles act as a carrier system providing better encapsulation of drugs, site-specific delivery, increased bioavailability and sustained release of drugs. The surface modifications and functionalization of these nanocarrier systems have greatly facilitated targeted drug delivery. The safety and efficacy of these nanocarrier systems have been ascertained by several in vitro and in vivo models. In the present review, we have elaborated on recent developments of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for Alzheimer's disease, explicitly focusing on polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Dendrimeric Poly(Epsilon-Lysine) Delivery Systems for the Enhanced Permeability of Flurbiprofen across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Alzheimer’s Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafq Al-azzawi ◽  
Dhafir Masheta ◽  
Anna Guildford ◽  
Gary Phillips ◽  
Matteo Santin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Blood Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder and age-related disease characterised by abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ). The development of drugs to combat AD is hampered by the lack of therapeutically-active molecules able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It is agreed that specifically-designed carriers, such as dendrimers, could support the drug penetration across the BBB. The aim of this study was to design biocompatible and biodegradable dendrimeric delivery systems able to carry Flurbiprofen (FP), as drug for AD treatment, across the BBB and liberate it at the target tissue. These dendrons were synthesised using solid-phase peptide synthesis method and characterised by mass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed successful synthesis of dendrons having FP been integrated during the synthesis at their branching ends. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the biocompatibility of the delivery systems, whereas HPLC analysis showed high percentages of permeability across an in vitro BBB model for FP-integrated dendrons. Results also revealed the efficiency of drug conjugates on the γ-secretase enzyme in target cells with evidence of eventual drug release by hydrolysis of the carrier. This study demonstrates that the coupling of FP to dendrimeric delivery systems can successfully be achieved during the synthesis of the poly(epsilon-lysine) macromolecules to improve the transport of the active drug across the BBB.

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