scholarly journals Geodesic Effect Near an Elliptical Orbit

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alina-Daniela Vîlcu
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Elliptical Orbit ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Lagrange Equations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Elliptical Motion

Using a differential geometric treatment, we analytically derived the expression for De Sitter (geodesic) precession in the elliptical motion of the Earth through the gravitational field of the Sun with Schwarzschild's metric. The expression obtained in this paper in a simple way, using a classical approach, agrees with that given in B. M. Barker and R. F. O'Connell (1970, 1975) in a different setting, using the tools of Newtonian mechanics and the Euler-Lagrange equations.

One Lump or Two?

English Today ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Poole
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Elliptical Orbit ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Single Word ◽  
The Earth

In a well-known and much discussed article, the philosopher Bertrand Russell wrote as follows (Russell, 1952): If I were to suggest that between the Earth and Mars there is a china teapot revolving about the sun in an elliptical orbit, nobody would be able to disprove my assertion provided I were careful to add that the teapot is too small to be revealed even by our most powerful telescopes.Setting aside Russell's reasons for writing this sentence (in context, to do with both the burden of proof and the existence or otherwise of a deity) I would like to focus on what, in the above extract, is a single word: ‘teapot’. If you, as a reader and no doubt writer of the English language, were required to convey in writing the same concept (a ceramic or metal receptacle with a handle, spout and lid, in which tea is brewed and from which it is poured) would you go for ‘teapot’, ‘tea-pot’ or ‘tea pot’? In other words, to use a phrase commonly heard when the amount of sugar in a cup of tea is discussed, do you think teapot/tea pot should be one lump or two?

Models in physics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Frigg
Keyword(s):  
Elliptical Orbit ◽  
Target System ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Fundamental Theory ◽  
Term Model ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

In its most common use, the term ‘model’ refers to a simplified and stylised version of the so-called target system, the part or aspect of the world that we are interested in. For instance, in order to determine the orbit of a planet moving around the sun we model the planet and the sun as perfect homogenous spheres that gravitationally interact with each other but nothing else in the universe, and then apply Newtonian mechanics to this system, which reveals that the planet moves on an elliptical orbit. Views diverge about what sort of entity such a model is. Those focusing on the formal aspects of models regard them either as equations or set-theoretical structures, while those opposed to such an approach take them to be descriptions or abstract (yet non-mathematical) entities. A further question concerns the relation of models and theories. In some cases models can be derived from theory simply by specifying the relevant determinables in a theory’s general equations. But many models cannot be obtained from theory in this straightforward way, and some even involve assumptions that contradict the fundamental theory. The relation of models to their respective target systems is equally complex and fraught with controversy. Two influential proposals take the relation between a model and its target to be isomorphism or similarity, respectively. This, however, has been criticised as too restrictive, since many models seem not to fit this mould.

Philosophical Background Matters

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-30
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Alger
Keyword(s):  
Public Debate ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
Elliptical Orbit ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Public ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Organization Of Science

This chapter discusses the rift between science and philosophy, but argues that scientists can benefit from philosophical insights without becoming philosophers. It presents an elementary introduction to philosophical concepts that recur throughout the book, including deduction, induction, inference, and others. It covers the problem of induction and the Uniformity of Nature assumption, and reviews Hume’s critique of induction. Other technical issues that confuse the public debate about science, concern explanation, uncertainty, and levels of organization of science, are in here as well. A central issue is the question of how we can resolve two opposing notions: the widely agreed on principle that scientific findings are never completely certain, and our conviction that some findings are certain: e.g., the earth goes around the sun in an elliptical orbit. The chapter sorts out this and other common misunderstandings.

A CONSIDERATION OF RADIO STAR SCINTILLATIONS AS CAUSED BY INTERSTELLAR PARTICLES ENTERING THE IONOSPHERE: PART III. THE KIND, NUMBER, AND APPARENT RADIANT OF THE INCOMING PARTICLES

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 792-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Harrower
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Radio Source ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Considerable Error ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Right Ascension

In Parts I and II, as the result of an analysis of measurements of the scintillations of the radio source in Cassiopeia, it was suggested that interstellar particles, captured by the gravitational field of the Sun, contributed to the observed features. Arguments presented here lead to the conclusion that such particles must be hydrogen atoms. The number of hydrogen atoms reaching the Earth is estimated to be 6 × 1016/m.2/sec. Their energy averages 9 or 22 electron volts, depending on whether or not they are ionized. It is concluded that the effect of this infall on the Earth's ionosphere would be more than adequate to produce scintillations. The location of the radiant, subject to the possibility of some considerable error, is judged to be right ascension 17 hours, declination −30°. Based on this position of the radiant, the velocity of the interstellar hydrogen atoms in the vicinity of the Sun is found to have the components: tangential 28 × 104 m./sec., radial 2 × 104 m./sec., and transverse 0.2 × 104 m./sec, with respect to the plane of our galax

A CONSIDERATION OF RADIO STAR SCINTILLATIONS AS CAUSED BY INTERSTELLAR PARTICLES ENTERING THE IONOSPHERE: PART II. THE ACCRETION OF INTERSTELLAR PARTICLES AS A CAUSE OF RADIO STAR SCINTILLATIONS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Harrower
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Interstellar Space ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Collision Region ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Vector Addition ◽  
Accretion Process ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Distinct Features

A previously reported analysis of measurements of radio star scintillations, which showed daily variations dependent on time of year, is here interpreted to be the result of the accretion of interstellar particles by the Sun's gravitational field. After a brief general discussion of the accretion process, the measurements are examined in an attempt to provide an explanation on that basis. Five distinct features exhibited by the scintillation data are interpreted as resulting from particles arriving at the Earth as follows: directly from interstellar space, from a collision region behind the Sun (both directly and after having crossed the Earth's orbit), and from the collision region by a process of accretion in the gravitational field of the Earth. The velocities of certain of these particles are derived by simple applications of vector addition employing the known velocity of the Earth. The collision region is calculated to be located a radial distance of 200 million miles from the Sun.

scholarly journals Synchronism of the Events on the Sun and the Earth - A Sign of External Influence on the Solar System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
External Influences ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Endogenous Activity

To solve fundamental and applied problems, it is useful to detect signs of external influences on the Solar system from the synchronous responses of the Earth’s shells, using a systemic and interdisciplinary analysis of solar-terrestrial relations - taking into account, along with solar activity and GCR fluxes, the endogenous activity of the Earth due to gravitational effects on the Earth with the sides of the Moon, the Sun and other celestial bodies of the Solar system during its barycentric motion in the gravitational field of the Galaxy, as well as the effects of perturbations on the Solar system as a whole. At the same time, the mechanism, energy, cyclicity, synchronism, change in the shape of the Earth and gravity, polar asymmetry and jump-like manifestations of solar-terrestrial relations, instability of the Earth’s daily rotation become explainable. The Solar system is subject to external influences of gravity of the heavy planets of Jupiter and Saturn in the course of its barycentric motion in the gravitational field of the Galaxy, as well as the bringing in solar system of additional energy when exposed to a heterogeneous interstellar environment.

BepiColombo and Solar Orbiter coordinated observations: scientific cases and measurements opportunities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Hadid ◽  
Melinda Dosa ◽  
Madar Akos ◽  
Tommaso Alberti ◽  
Johannes Benkhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
The State ◽  
Elliptical Orbit ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
To Come ◽  
Inner Heliosphere

<p>BepiColombo and Solar Orbiter are two spacecraft that will be both travelling in the inner heliosphere for 5 years, between the launch of Solar Orbiter (planned in February 2020) and the end of the cruise phase of BepiColombo (2018 - 2025). Both BepiColombo (ESA/JAXA) and Solar Orbiter (ESA/NASA) are carrying exceptional and complementary plasma instrumental payloads and magnetometers. Besides, the remote-sensing instruments on board of Solar Orbiter will provide invaluable information on the state of the Sun, and therefore some contextual information for BepiColombo observations. During the five years to come, BepiColombo will evolve between the Earth and the orbit of Mercury, while Solar Orbiter’s highly elliptical orbit will cover distances from 1.02 AU to 0.28 AU.  We present here the scientific cases, modelling tools, measurement opportunities and related instruments operations that have been identified in the frame of potential coordinated observations campaign between the spacecraft.</p>

scholarly journals Squeezing of the Super-Elastic Double-Helix Photon in the Gravitational Field (Hidden in Very-Well Known Old Formulae). Pound - Rebka - Snider Effect Studied by the Advanced LIGO Instrument, Pioneer Anomaly and CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) (23.11.201

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Jiri Stavek
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Double Helix ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Pioneer Anomaly ◽  
Squeeze Rate ◽  
Squeeze Effect

In our approach we have combined knowledge of Old Masters (working in this field before the year 1905), New Masters (working in this field after the year 1905) and Dissidents under the guidance of Louis de Broglie and David Bohm. Based on the great experimental work of Robert Pound, Glen A. Rebka and J.L. Snider we have proposed a squeezing of the super-elastic double-helix photon in the gravitational field. We have newly defined the squeeze rate of that photon particle on the helical path. We have inserted this squeeze rate into the very-well old formulae of Newton, Soldner, Gerber and Einstein and might glimpse traces of the quantum gravity. The squeeze rate of photons can be studied in details using the Great instrument - the Advanced LIGO - located on the surface of the Earth (USA, Italy, Japan). The observed strains on the level 5*10-19 should be caused by the gravitational field of our Earth. The observed strains on the level 5*10-22 should be caused by the gravitational fields of the Moon and the Sun. We estimate that the experimental value of the gravitational constant G studied by the LIGO instrument can achieve the accuracy to the level of ppb (parts per billion) after the removal of those strains from the measured signal and the removal of the gravitational influences of the Earth, the Moon, the Sun, Venus and Jupiter. To study the squeeze effect on a bigger scale we propose to analyze the Pioneer anomaly where Pioneer´s photons have been flying around the planets in our Solar system causing the squeeze effect - the anomalous blueshift. Similarly, we can study cosmic microwave photons flying around the objects in our Solar system that might create “the axis of evil” - temperature fluctuations in the CMB map (Wien displacement law). Can we prepare in our Solar system “tired” light by frequent blueshift - redshift transitions? Can it be that Nature cleverly inserted the squeeze rate into our very-well known Old Formulae? We want to pass this concept into the hands of Readers of this Journal better educated in the Mathematics and Physics.

scholarly journals Interaction of Gravitational Field and Orbit in Sun-planet-moon system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Attractive Force ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Moon System ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Repulsive Gravity ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Gravitational Unit

Studying the two famous old problems that why the moon can move around the Sun and why the orbit of the Moon around the Earth cannot be broken off by the Sun under the condition that calculating with F=GMm/R^2, the attractive force of the Sun on the Moon is almost 2.2 times that of the Earth. We found that the planet and moon are unified as one single gravitational unit which results in that the Sun cannot have the force of F=GMm/R^2 on the moon. The moon is moved by the gravitational unit orbiting around the Sun. It could indicate that the gravitational field of the moon is limited inside the unit and the gravitational fields of both the planet and moon is unified as one single field interacting with the Sun. The findings are further clarified by reestablishing Newton’s repulsive gravity.

scholarly journals AN ARTIFICIAL EXPERIMENT AIMED TO SPECIFY THE GRAVITY LAW IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Metaphysics ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
A. P Yefremov
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Impact Parameter ◽  
Einstein Gravity ◽  
Test Body ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Space Probe ◽  
Gravity Assist ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ballistic Trajectory

Ultra-sensitivity of a planet’s gravity assist (GA) to changes of the test-body impact parameter prompts a space experiment testing the nature of gravitational field in the Solar system. The Sun, Earth and Venus serve as the space lab with a primitive space probe (ball) as a test body moving on a ballistic trajectory from the Earth to Venus (rendering GA) and backwards to the Earth’s orbit. We show that in Newton and Einstein gravity, the probe’s final positions (reached at the same time) may differ greatly; an Earth’s observer can measure the gap.

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