scholarly journals Effective Control of Postprandial Glucose Level through Inhibition of Intestinal Alpha Glucosidase byCymbopogon martinii(Roxb.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Ghadyale ◽  
Shrihari Takalikar ◽  
Vivek Haldavnekar ◽  
Akalpita Arvindekar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Postprandial Glucose Level

Inhibition of intestinal alpha glucosidase plays a major role in preventing rise in postprandial glucose level in diabetics.Cymbopogon martinii(CM) (family Poaceae) is used in traditional Indian medicine in treatment of diabetes mellitus. The alpha glucosidase inhibitory action of the plant is studied. The active component was separated using hot water extraction of the whole plant powder, differential solvent extraction, and silica gel column chromatography. The 30 : 70 toluene : ethyl acetate fraction showed optimum activity. The silica gel chromatography fraction demonstrated 98, 98, and 68% inhibition for starch, maltose, and sucrose, respectively, at 5 mg/kg body weight of rats. Intestinal absorption studies using noneverted intestinal sacs, as well as in vivo studies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using oral glucose tolerance with maltose and sucrose load, revealed better inhibition of alpha glucosidase as compared to acarbose. Kinetic studies using Lineweaver Burk plot showed mixed to noncompetitive type of inhibition by CM. In vivo studies with maltose load of 2 mg and 3 mg/gm body weight showed a noncompetitive pattern of inhibition at 5 mg/kg body weight of CM as against 60 mg/kg body weight of acarbose. Thus CM is more effective alpha glucosidase inhibitor and at lower concentration than acarbose.

Preparation and Evaluation of Glipizide Tablets Containing both Enhanced and Sustained Release Solid Dispersions

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-725
Author(s):  
Adel M. Aly ◽  
Ahmed S. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Solvent Evaporation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Solvent Evaporation Method ◽  
Evaporation Method ◽  
Tablet Formulations

: Glipizide (GZ) is an oral blood-glucose-lowering drug of the sulfonylurea class characterized by its poor aqueous solubility. Aiming for the production of GZ tablets with rapid onset of action followed by prolonged effect; GZ-Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000 and 6000) solid dispersions with different ratios, (using melting and solvent evaporation method), as well as, coprecipitate containing GZ with polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) were prepared. Four tablet formulations were prepared containing; a) GZ alone, b) GZ: PEG6000, 1:10, c) GZ:PMMA 1:3, and, d)both GZ:PEG6000 1:10 and GZ:PMMA 1:3. The solvent evaporation method showed more enhancement of GZ solubility than the melting one, and this solubilizing effect increased with PEG increment. Generally, PEG6000 showed more enhancement of dissolution than PEG4000 especially at 1:10 drug: polymer ratio (the most enhancing formula). Also, the prepared tablet formulations showed acceptable physical properties according to USP/NF requirements. The dissolution results revealed that tablets containing PEG6000 (1:10) have the most rapid release rate, followed by the formula containing both PEG6000 and PMMA, while that including PMMA alone showed the slowest dissolution rate. Moreover, In-vivo studies for each of the above four formulations, were performed using four mice groups. The most effective formula in decreasing the blood glucose level, through the first 6 hours, was that containing GZ and PEG6000, 1:10. However, formula containing the combination of enhanced and sustained GZ was the most effective in decreasing the blood glucose level through 16 hours. Successful in-vitro in-vivo correlations could be detected between the percent released and the percent decreasing of blood glucose level after 0.5 hours.

Voiding behavior in awake unrestrained untethered spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar control rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L Langdale ◽  
Danielle J Degoski ◽  
Philip H Milliken ◽  
Warren M. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Infusion Pump ◽  
Bladder Capacity ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Voided Volume

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a genetic model of high blood pressure, has also been studied as a potential model of overactive bladder (OAB). In vivo studies confirmed the presence of surrogate markers of OAB, including detrusor overactivity (DO), increased urinary frequency, decreased bladder capacity and voided volume, and afferent hypersensitivity to bladder irritation. However, these observations were during awake cystometry (CMG) using implanted bladder catheters tethered to an infusion pump and artificially filled. We conducted studies in awake unrestrained untethered age-matched female SHR and Wistar rats to quantify naïve consumption and voiding behavior and the effect of capsaicin desensitization on consumption and voiding behavior. Food and water consumption, body weight, voiding frequency (VF), and voided volume (VV) were recorded. Rats were placed in metabolism cages for 24 h, up to twice a week, from 17 to 37 weeks of age. In SHRs, body weight, food, and water consumption were decreased compared to Wistars. However, after normalizing for body weight, only water consumption was reduced. Wistars exhibited a diurnal pattern of voiding behavior. Compared to Wistars, SHRs showed smaller VV and lacked a diurnal voiding pattern such that VV was similar during both light cycles. No difference in VF was observed after normalizing for water consumption. We observed no change in SHR voiding behavior following capsaicin desensitization, which was in contrast to a prior awake in vivo cystometry study describing increased VV and micturition interval in SHRs, and suggests that C-fiber activity may not contribute to bladder hypersensitivity in SHRs.

Development of a Full Flexion 3D Musculoskeletal Model of the Knee Considering Intersegmental Contact During High Knee Flexion Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-456
Author(s):  
David C. Kingston ◽  
Stacey M. Acker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Right

A musculoskeletal model of the right lower limb was developed to estimate 3D tibial contact forces in high knee flexion postures. This model determined the effect of intersegmental contact between thigh–calf and heel–gluteal structures on tibial contact forces. This model includes direct tracking and 3D orientation of intersegmental contact force, femoral translations from in vivo studies, wrapping of knee extensor musculature, and a novel optimization constraint for multielement muscle groups. Model verification consisted of calculating the error between estimated tibial compressive forces and direct measurements from the Grand Knee Challenge during movements to ∼120° of knee flexion as no high knee flexion data are available. Tibial compression estimates strongly fit implant data during walking (R2 = .83) and squatting (R2 = .93) with a root mean squared difference of .47 and .16 body weight, respectively. Incorporating intersegmental contact significantly reduced model estimates of peak tibial anterior–posterior shear and increased peak medial–lateral shear during the static phase of high knee flexion movements by an average of .33 and .07 body weight, respectively. This model supports prior work in that intersegmental contact is a critical parameter when estimating tibial contact forces in high knee flexion movements across a range of culturally and occupationally relevant postures.

scholarly journals Improving in the Fasting, but Not the Postprandial, Glucose Level is Associated with Reduction of Plasma d-ROMs Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ohara ◽  
Kentaro Watanabe ◽  
Tatsuya Suzuki ◽  
Ken-ichi Sekimizu ◽  
Masayuki Motoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Postprandial Glucose ◽  
Postprandial Glucose Level
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