scholarly journals Drinking Water Fluoride Levels for a City in Northern Mexico (Durango) Determined Using a Direct Electrochemical Method and Their Potential Effects on Oral Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Molina Frechero ◽  
Leonor Sánchez Pérez ◽  
Enrique Castañeda Castaneira ◽  
Anastasio Oropeza Oropeza ◽  
Enrique Gaona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City

Fluoride is ingested primarily through consuming drinking water. When drinking water contains fluoride concentrations >0.7 parts per million (ppm), consuming such water can be toxic to the human body; this toxicity is called “fluorosis.” Therefore, it is critical to determine the fluoride concentrations in drinking water. The objective of this study was to determine the fluoride concentration in the drinking water of the city of Durango. The wells that supply the drinking water distribution system for the city of Durango were studied. One hundred eighty-nine (189) water samples were analyzed, and the fluoride concentration in each sample was quantified as established by the law NMX-AA-077-SCFI-2001. The fluoride concentrations in such samples varied between 2.22 and 7.23 ppm with a 4.313 ± 1.318 ppm mean concentration. The highest values were observed in the northern area of the city, with a 5.001 ± 2.669 ppm mean value. The samples produced values that exceeded the national standard for fluoride in drinking water. Chronic exposure to fluoride at such concentrations produces harmful health effects, the first sign of which is dental fluorosis. Therefore, it is essential that the government authorities implement water defluoridation programs and take preventative measures to reduce the ingestion of this toxic halogen.

Microbiological safety of a small water distribution system: evaluating potentially pathogenic bacteria using advanced sequencing techniques

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. M. Batista ◽  
P. Meynet ◽  
G. P. P. Garcia ◽  
S. A. V. Costa ◽  
J. C. Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Intermediate Point ◽  
Microbiological Safety ◽  
The City

Abstract This study evaluated the microbiological safety of the water distribution system of a city in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil), population 120,000 inhabitants. During the study, the city suffered a severe drought that had a significant impact on water availability and quality in the river that supplies water to the city. Samples (2 liters) were collected from the distribution system over a period of six months, which included wet and dry months, from three points: the point with the lowest altitude in the distribution network, the farthest point from the water treatment works, and an intermediate point. Free chlorine was measured in situ using a Hach kit. DNA was extracted using a FastDNA Spin Kit Soil (Qbiogene). Advanced sequencing techniques (Ion Torrent) were used to identify and quantify the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria present in the samples. Coliforms and Escherichia coli, indicators currently used worldwide to assess microbiological safety of drinking water, were measured on all samples using an enzyme substrate method (ONPG-MUG Colilert®). Next generation sequencing results retrieved 16SrRNA sequences of E. coli and some potentially pathogenic bacteria, even in the presence of free chlorine. Operational taxonomic units related to pathogenic bacteria were present in all samples from the drinking water distribution system (DWS) and, in general, at high relative abundance (up to 5%). A total of 19 species related to bacterial pathogens were detected. Inadequate operational practices that could affect the microbiological safety of the DWS were identified and discussed. The current paper is the first to evaluate the community of potentially pathogenic bacteria in a real DWS.

scholarly journals Microplastics in the drinking water of the Riobamba city, Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Paredes ◽  
Elba Bodero ◽  
Tito Castillo ◽  
Gabriela Fuentes ◽  
Rafaela Viteri
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
The City ◽  
Cellulose Filter

The city of Riobamba captures for human consumption groundwater from melting glaciers, from seven wells in the foothills of the Chimborazo volcano. The objective is determine the percentage of existing microplastics in drinking water distribution system. Sixty two samples were collected, analysed with a cellulose filter and Nile red dye. Then observed in a stereoscope, obtaining presence in 12 samples of the 62 analysed. The results of the analysis show that there is a 19% presence of microplastics.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUORIDE CONTENTS IN GROUNDWATER AND PREVALENCE OF FLUOROSIS IN TAY SON DISTRICT, BINH DINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4B) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Phan Nhu Nguyet
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Drinking Water Standard ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

The communities within Binh Dinh province in the Central Vietnam are reliant on groundwater as their primary supply of domestic and potable water. Meanwhile, it is seriously contaminated with fluoride that causing fluorosis problem for people. This study aims to investigate the link between severity of dental fluorosis rate in a population and fluoride concentration in drinking water in Tay Son area. A total of 50 well-water samples were collected and 220 people were surveyed by questionnaire from 50 households at 3 villages: Tay Phu, Binh Tuong, Tay Giang of Tay Son district, Binh Dinh province, Vietnam. The quantitative assessment of severity of dental fluorosis was done by calculating the Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) using Dean’s classification. Result of this study showed that fluoride concentration in well-water varied from 0.31 mg/L to 7.69 mg/L (mean 2.66 mg/L, SD: 2.18 mg/L) with 70 % of well-water samples above the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L of World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard. 100 % people surveyed was suffered from dental fluorosis and Dean scale of dental fluorosis ranged from level 2 to level 5. CFI varied from 3.45 to 4.13 above limit value (0.6). The community seriously suffered from dental fluorosis. The fluoride concentrations and Dean Index have high correlation (r = 0.580, p < 0.0001). Based upon results of this study, it is recommended that the government should supply drinking water with appropriate fluoride content for this community.

Assessment of Lisbon drinking water distribution network biofilm colonization and associated hazards

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426
Author(s):  
J. Menaia ◽  
M. Benoliel ◽  
A. Lopes ◽  
C. Neto ◽  
E. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
And Storage

Concerns arise from the possible occurrence of pathogens in drinking water pipe biofilms and storage tank sediments. In these studies, biofilm samples from pipes and sediments from storage tanks of the Lisbon drinking water distribution system were analyzed. Protein determinations and heterotrophic counts on pipe biofilm samples were used to assess the Lisbon network sessile colonization intensity and distribution. Indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed in pipe biofilm samples, as well as in storage tanks biofilm and sediments, by using cultural methods and PCR, to assess risks. Results have shown that the Lisbon network sessile colonization is relatively weak in intensity. In addition, no meaningful hazards were apparent for both the network biofilm and the storage tanks biofilm and sediments.

Persistence and decontamination of surrogate radioisotopes in a model drinking water distribution system

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (20) ◽  
pp. 5005-5014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Szabo ◽  
Christopher A. Impellitteri ◽  
Shekar Govindaswamy ◽  
John S. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF A DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (1) ◽  
pp. 449-467
Author(s):  
Stacia L. Thompson ◽  
Elizabeth Casman ◽  
Paul Fischbeck ◽  
Mitchell J. Small ◽  
Jeanne M. VanBriesen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

scholarly journals Biofilm forming ability of Sphingomonas paucimobilis isolated from community drinking water systems on plumbing materials used in water distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 942-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Gulati ◽  
Moushumi Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Sphingomonas Paucimobilis ◽  
Simulated Distribution ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Biofilm Development

Sphingomonas paucimobilis, an oligotroph, is well recognized for its potential for biofilm formation. The present study explored the biofilm forming ability of a strain isolated from municipal drinking water on plumbing materials. The intensity of biofilm formation of this strain on different plumbing materials was examined by using 1 × 1 cm2 pieces of six different pipe materials, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), aluminium (Al), copper (Cu) and rubber (R) and observing by staining with the chemical chromophore, Calcofluor. To understand whether biofilm formation occurs under flow through conditions, a laboratory-scale simulated distribution system, comprised of the above materials was fabricated. Biofilm samples were collected from the designed system at different biofilm ages (10, 40 and 90 hours old) and enumerated. The results indicated that the biofilm formation occurred on all plumbing materials with Cu and R as exceptions. The intensity of biofilm formation was found to be maximum on PVC followed by PP and PE. We also demonstrated the chemical chromophore (Calcofluor) successfully for rapid and easy visual detection of biofilms, validated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the plumbing materials. Chlorination has little effect in preventing biofilm development.

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