scholarly journals Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis/HIV Coinfection Presented as a Diffuse Desquamative Rash

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Guilherme Almeida Rosa da Silva ◽  
Daniel Sugui ◽  
Rafael Fernandes Nunes ◽  
Karime de Azevedo ◽  
Marcelo de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Atypical Presentation ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Hiv Coinfection ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Granular Base ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that is endemic in tropical areas and in the Mediterranean. This condition spreads to 98 countries in four continents, surpassing 12 million infected individuals, with 350 million people at risk of infection. This disease is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, caused by protozoa of the genusLeishmania, with various animal reservoirs, such as rodents, dogs, wolves, foxes, and even humans. Transmission occurs through a vector, a sandfly of the genusLutzomyia. There are three main clinical forms of leishmaniasis: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The wide spectrum of nonvisceral forms includes: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, a papular lesion that progresses to ulceration with granular base and a large framed board; diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis; mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which can cause disfiguring and mutilating injuries of the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection is considered an emerging problem in several countries, including Brazil, where, despite the growing number of cases, a problem of late diagnosis occurs. Clinically, the cases of leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection may demonstrate unusual aspects, such as extensive and destructive lesions. This study aims to report a case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection with atypical presentation of diffuse desquamative eruption and nasopharyngeal involvement.

scholarly journals Host-Directed Therapies for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda O. Novais ◽  
Camila Farias Amorim ◽  
Phillip Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parasite Replication ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Improve Clinical Outcome

Cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical presentations from self-resolving infections to severe chronic disease. Anti-parasitic drugs are often ineffective in the most severe forms of the disease, and in some cases the magnitude of the disease can result from an uncontrolled inflammatory response rather than unrestrained parasite replication. In these patients, host-directed therapies offer a novel approach to improve clinical outcome. Importantly, there are many anti-inflammatory drugs with known safety and efficacy profiles that are currently used for other inflammatory diseases and are readily available to be used for leishmaniasis. However, since leishmaniasis consists of a wide range of clinical entities, mediated by a diverse group of leishmanial species, host-directed therapies will need to be tailored for specific types of leishmaniasis. There is now substantial evidence that host-directed therapies are likely to be beneficial beyond autoimmune diseases and cancer and thus should be an important component in the armamentarium to modulate the severity of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Case Report: Miltefosine Failure and Spontaneous Resolution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis braziliensis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheridan Joseph ◽  
Timothy J. Whitman ◽  
Frederick S. Buckner ◽  
Anna L. Cogen
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
South America ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Young Woman ◽  
Spontaneous Resolution ◽  
Clinical Monitoring ◽  
Leishmania Braziliensis ◽  
Oral Medications ◽  
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is often caused by Leishmania braziliensis (L. braziliensis) in South America. Because of the risk for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, L. braziliensis is frequently treated with parenteral or oral medications. Here, we present a case of a young woman with L. braziliensis (CL) that did not respond to miltefosine but eventually experienced spontaneous resolution. This case highlights the potential for treatment failure and the importance of clinical monitoring in the setting of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis.

Leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1467-1475
Author(s):  
Antony D.M. Bryceson ◽  
Diana N.J. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Biopsy Material ◽  
Phlebotomine Sandflies ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted to humans from human or animal reservoirs by the bites of phlebotomine sandflies. In places the disease is common and important, with perhaps 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis and 1.5–2 million cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis worldwide each year. Diagnosis is by demonstration of leishmania organisms in tissue smears or biopsy material by microscopy, culture, or detecting leishmaniai DNA by polymerase chain reaction. As an imported disease, cutaneous leishmaniasis is common in travellers, military personnel, and immigrants coming from endemic areas, while the diagnosis of the less common visceral leishmaniasis is frequently overlooked. Prevention is by controlling reservoir hosts and sandfly vectors, or by avoiding bites by vectors. There is no vaccine.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium abscessuscording prevents phagocytosis and promotes abscess formation

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (10) ◽  
pp. E943-E952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Bernut ◽  
Jean-Louis Herrmann ◽  
Karima Kissa ◽  
Jean-François Dubremetz ◽  
Jean-Louis Gaillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Mycobacterium Abscessus ◽  
Abscess Formation ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Mycobacterium abscessusis a rapidly growingMycobacteriumcausing a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes. It now is recognized as a pulmonary pathogen to which cystic fibrosis patients have a particular susceptibility. TheM. abscessusrough (R) variant, devoid of cell-surface glycopeptidolipids (GPLs), causes more severe clinical disease than the smooth (S) variant, but the underlying mechanisms of R-variant virulence remain obscure. Exploiting the optical transparency of zebrafish embryos, we observed that the increased virulence of theM. abscessusR variant compared with the S variant correlated with the loss of GPL production. The virulence of the R variant involved the massive production of serpentine cords, absent during S-variant infection, and the cords initiated abscess formation leading to rapid larval death. Cording occurred within the vasculature and was highly pronounced in the central nervous system (CNS). It appears thatM. abscessusis transported to the CNS within macrophages. The release ofM. abscessusfrom apoptotic macrophages initiated the formation of cords that grew too large to be phagocytized by macrophages or neutrophils. This study is a description of the crucial role of cording in the in vivo physiopathology ofM. abscessusinfection and emphasizes cording as a mechanism of immune evasion.

scholarly journals Phlebotomines in an area endemic for American cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern coast of Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Patricia Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Débora Elienai de Oliveira Miranda ◽  
Marcos Antônio Bezerra Santos ◽  
Neurisvan Ramos Guerra ◽  
Silvia Rafaelli Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Northeastern Coast

Abstract Phlebotomines have worldwide distribution with many species present in Brazil, including the northeastern region, where the fauna is very diverse. The aim of this study was to identify the sandfly fauna in an area endemic for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the state of Pernambuco. Sandflies were caught on three consecutive nights every month from October 2015 to September 2016, from 5 pm to 5 am, using seven light traps of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) type. Females were identified and used for molecular Leishmania detection. A total of 2,174 specimens belonging to ten species were collected: Lutzomyia choti (88.2%; 1,917/2,174) was the most abundant species, followed by Lutzomyia whitmani (8.1%; 176/2,174) and Lutzomyia sordellii (1.5%; 33/2,174). The majority of the specimens were collected in peridomestic areas (64.1%; 1,394/2,174) and during the rainy period. All the samples examined were negative for Leishmania spp. The presence of Lutzomyia whitmani indoors and in peridomestic areas indicates that the inhabitants of this area are exposed to the risk of infection by the parasites responsible for ACL.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY ON CANINE POPULATION WITH THE USE OF IMMUNOLEISH SKIN TEST IN ENDEMIC AREAS OF HUMAN AMERICAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Gloria O. Barbosa Santos ◽  
Mauro Célio A. Marzochi ◽  
Nilton Francisco Conceição ◽  
Célia Maria M. Brito ◽  
Raquel S. Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Positive Rate

A survey for canine tegumentary leishmaniasis (CTL) has been carried out between 1986 and 1993 in seven endemic localities for American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Rio de Janeiro. 270 dogs have been examined for their clinical aspects, the development of delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) with Immunoleish antigen and with immunofluorescent antibody research of IgG (IF). 28.2% of them had ulcer lesions and 3.3% had scars. The lesions consisted of single (39.5%) and mucocutaneous lesions (31.6%), multiple cutaneous (25.0%) and mucocutaneous lesions associated with cutaneous ulcers (4.0%). Twelve (15.8%) isolates from biopsies were analyzed by zimodeme and schizodeme and identified as L. (V.) braziliensis. The overall prevalence of canine infection that was evaluated with the skin test was of 40.5% and with IF it was of 25.5%. Both tests showed a high positive rate with relation to the animals with mucosal lesions, as in the case of human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. The comparison of the two tests showed the skin test to have a better performance although there was no statistical difference (p>0.05) between them. The proportional sensitivity and specificity was of 84.0% and 74.0%, respectively. The Immunoleish skin test and IF are useful tools to be employed in CTL field epidemiological surveys.

scholarly journals First Case of Diffuse Leishmaniasis Associated With Leishmania panamensis

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Olivo Freites ◽  
Nathan D Gundacker ◽  
Juan Miguel Pascale ◽  
Azael Saldaña ◽  
Rosendo Diaz-Suarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Cutaneous Disease ◽  
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
First Case ◽  
Leishmania Panamensis

Abstract Leishmania panamensis is the most common species of Leishmania in Panama, and it is known to cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis; however, it not associated with diffuse cutaneous disease. In this study, we report the first case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L panamensis.

scholarly journals Leishmaniasis and AIDS coinfection

2013 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 992-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Hozannah ◽  
Monica Santos ◽  
Anette Chrusciak-Talhari ◽  
Carolina Talhari
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Positive Patient ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Meglumine Antimoniate ◽  
Hiv Coinfection ◽  
Initial Description

Cutaneous leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection has been reported in Brazil since the initial description of AIDS in the country. We report an HIV-positive patient under antiretroviral treatment who presented with cutaneous leishmaniasis which was successfully treated with meglumine antimoniate.

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