scholarly journals Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater: A Review of Sources, Prevalence, Health Risks, and Strategies for Mitigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiv Shankar ◽  
Uma Shanker ◽  
Shikha
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Arsenic Contamination ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Soles Of The Feet

Arsenic contamination of groundwater in different parts of the world is an outcome of natural and/or anthropogenic sources, leading to adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. Millions of people from different countries are heavily dependent on groundwater containing elevated level of As for drinking purposes. As contamination of groundwater, poses a serious risk to human health. Excessive and prolonged exposure of inorganic As with drinking water is causing arsenicosis, a deteriorating and disabling disease characterized by skin lesions and pigmentation of the skin, patches on palm of the hands and soles of the feet. Arsenic poisoning culminates into potentially fatal diseases like skin and internal cancers. This paper reviews sources, speciation, and mobility of As and global overview of groundwater As contamination. The paper also critically reviews the As led human health risks, its uptake, metabolism, and toxicity mechanisms. The paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the alternative As free drinking water and various technologies (oxidation, coagulation flocculation, adsorption, and microbial) for mitigation of the problem of As contamination of groundwater.

Drinking water quality in villages of southwestern Haryana, India: assessing human health risks associated with hydrochemistry

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1329-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Garg ◽  
Surindra Suthar ◽  
Sushma Singh ◽  
Aleenjeet Sheoran ◽  
Garima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Human Health Risks

scholarly journals Strontium in public drinking water and associated public health risks in Chinese cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Peng ◽  
Feifei Yao ◽  
Shuang Xiong ◽  
Zhonghua Wu ◽  
Geng Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Statistical Simulation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking

AbstractDue to the fact that strontium (Sr) is not involved in the scope of supervision of drinking water in China, the Sr concentration in public drinking water and its related health risks have been neglected for a long time. In this research, public drinking water samples were collected from 314 cities across the country to reveal the concentration and spatial distribution of Sr in public drinking water. In addition, the Monte Carlo method (a statistical simulation method) was applied to evaluate the Sr intake from drinking water and human health risks among different age groups and different regions. As shown in the results, the Sr was in the concentration range of 0.005–3.11 mg/L with a mean value of 0.360 mg/L. There were significant differences in the Sr concentration in different regions; in general, it was high in the north and low in the south. The Sr intakes of infants, children, teens, and adults from drinking water were 0.273, 0.503, 0.633, and 0.784 mg/day, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between Sr concentration in drinking water and bone mineral density (BMD) in the elderly. Especially, the correlation coefficients (r) between Sr concentration and the BMD of the elderly whose age fell in the range of 60–70 years were 0.692 (male) and 0.483 (female). In addition, the Sr concentration in drinking water was positively correlated with the incidence of children’s rickets (r = 0.411), while the Ca/Br ratio was negatively correlated with the incidence of children’s rickets (r = − 0.410). According to the health risk assessment, among people of different ages, infants’ hazard index (HI) value was the highest. The mean value and 95th percentile value were 0.066 and 0.247. Non-carcinogenic risk of Sr through drinking water among different people in different regions was less than 1, which meant no significant damage to human health. This study is the first time to systematically investigate Sr in public drinking water across the whole country. More importantly, the conclusions can be applied to risk control and management of public drinking water.

scholarly journals Pharmaceuticals in source waters of 95 First Nations in Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 (S1) ◽  
pp. 133-153
Author(s):  
Harold Schwartz ◽  
Lesya Marushka ◽  
Hing Man Chan ◽  
Malek Batal ◽  
Tonio Sadik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Human Health Risks

Abstract Objectives Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the environment. Little has been published about the presence of pharmaceuticals in waterbodies nearby or on reserve land of First Nations in Canada. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the level of pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ surface waters, (2) calculate the human health risks of the mixtures found, and (3) measure the exposure to pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ drinking water where source water was highly contaminated. Methods This participatory study measured the levels of 43 pharmaceuticals from surface water samples taken at three water sampling sites chosen by the 95 participating First Nations. The sites were in proximity to recreational areas, fishing areas, drinking water sources, and/or wastewater outflows. When elevated levels of pharmaceutical mixtures were found in samples, drinking water samples were obtained and analyzed for potential pharmaceuticals. Human health risks were calculated by an established protocol. Results In total, 432 samples were collected at 302 water sampling sites (285 surface water, 11 drinking water, and 6 wastewater sites). Quantifiable levels of 35 pharmaceuticals were found in 79 of the 95 (83%) participating First Nations at 193 of the 285 surface water sites (68%). Overall, the levels found were comparable to or lower than those found in other studies in Canada and worldwide. Conclusion In almost all participating First Nations, there is no human health risk from consuming surface water for drinking. However, surface water in the vicinity of major urban centres should not be used as secondary untreated water sources due to the elevated human health risk associated with exposure to the mixtures of multiple pharmaceuticals detected.

Wastewater Effluent vs. Safety In Its Reuse: State-of-the-Art

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Abul Shahalam
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
The Subject

A state-of-the-art review of the human health risks associated with the reuse of wastewater effluent is presented. The subject is of much concern as the need for wastewater becomes more critical in the wake of worldwide shortages of good quality water. The subject of wastewater reuse has been a controversial subject during the last few decades due to the fear of harmful effects on human health and the environment. But recent technology relating to wastewater treatment methods has changed the outlook significantly. The article offers a broad review of the available data on wastewater treatment performance particularly relating to the removal of pathogenic agents. The areas specifically covered are: wastewater quality from various wastewater systems with respect to pathogens; available conventional and nonconventional wastewater treatment technologies; available laboratory methodologies for enumerating the pathogenic state of wastewater and their reliabilities; various methodologies of preuse disinfection of wastewater and their feasibility for practical use; and the pathogen survival rates in liquid water and various other media. The human health risks associated with wastewater reuse in agriculture are assessed at the present level of understanding and are discussed in detail. Areas that need further investigations are delineated.

scholarly journals Landscape Drivers and Social Dynamics Shaping Microbial Contamination Risk in Three Maya Communities in Southern Belize, Central America

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Esselman ◽  
Shiguo Jiang ◽  
Henry Peller ◽  
David Buck ◽  
Joel Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Central America ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Traditional Land Use

Land transformation can have cascading effects on hydrology, water quality, and human users of water resources, with serious implications for human health. An interdisciplinary analysis is presented, whereby remote-sensing data of changing land use and cover are related to surface hydrology and microbial contamination in domestic use areas of three indigenous Maya communities in Belize, Central America. We asked whether a departure from traditional land-use patterns toward intensified use led to consequences for hydrology and microbial contamination of drinking water, and investigated how social factors in the three study communities may act to ameliorate human health risks associated with water contamination. We showed that a departure from traditional land use to more intensive cultivation and grazing led to significantly increased surface water runoff, and intensified microbial contamination of surface water sources sometimes used for drinking. Results further suggested that groundwater contamination was widespread regardless of land cover, due to the widespread presence of pit latrines, pigs, and cows on the landscape, and that human users were consistently subject to health risks from potential pathogens as a result. Given that both surface and groundwater resources were found to be contaminated, it is important that water distribution systems (piped water from tanks; shallow and deep wells) be monitored for Escherichia coli and treated when necessary to reduce or eliminate contaminants and protect public health. Results of interviews suggested that strengthened capacity within the communities to monitor and treat centralized drinking water sources and increase water treatment at the point of use could lead to reduced risk to water consumers.

Human health risks by potentially toxic metals in drinking water along the Hattar Industrial Estate, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 2677-2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shah Jehan ◽  
Seema Anjum Khattak ◽  
Said Muhammad ◽  
Liaqat Ali ◽  
Abdur Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Potentially Toxic Metals ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Industrial Estate
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