scholarly journals Challenges and Economic Implications in the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from the Zambian Experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Sinkala ◽  
M. Simuunza ◽  
D. U. Pfeiffer ◽  
H. M. Munang’andu ◽  
M. Mulumba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Sub Saharan

Foot and mouth disease is one of the world’s most important livestock diseases for trade. FMD infections are complex in nature and there are many epidemiological factors needing clarification. Key questions relate to the control challenges and economic impact of the disease for resource-poor FMD endemic countries like Zambia. A review of the control challenges and economic impact of FMD outbreaks in Zambia was made. Information was collected from peer-reviewed journals articles, conference proceedings, unpublished scientific reports, and personal communication with scientists and personal field experiences. The challenges of controlling FMD using mainly vaccination and movement control are discussed. Impacts include losses in income of over US$ 1.6 billion from exports of beef and sable antelopes and an annual cost of over US$ 2.7 million on preventive measures. Further impacts included unquantified losses in production and low investment in agriculture resulting in slow economic growth. FMD persistence may be a result of inadequate epidemiological understanding of the disease and ineffectiveness of the control measures that are being applied. The identified gaps may be considered in the annual appraisal of the FMD national control strategy in order to advance on the progressive control pathway.

scholarly journals Endemic foot and mouth disease: pastoral in-herd disease dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. McLachlan ◽  
G. Marion ◽  
I. J. McKendrick ◽  
T. Porphyre ◽  
I. G. Handel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Reduced Risk

AbstractFoot and mouth disease (FMD) burden disproportionally affects Africa where it is considered endemic. Smallholder livestock keepers experience significant losses due to disease, but the dynamics and mechanisms underlying persistence at the herd-level and beyond remain poorly understood. We address this knowledge gap using stochastic, compartmental modelling to explore FMD virus (FMDV) persistence, outbreak dynamics and disease burden in individual cattle herds within an endemic setting. Our analysis suggests repeated introduction of virus from outside the herd is required for long-term viral persistence, irrespective of carrier presence. Risk of new disease exposures resulting in significant secondary outbreaks is reduced by the presence of immune individuals giving rise to a period of reduced risk, the predicted duration of which suggests that multiple strains of FMDV are responsible for observed yearly herd-level outbreaks. Our analysis suggests management of population turnover could potentially reduce disease burden and deliberate infection of cattle, practiced by local livestock keepers in parts of Africa, has little effect on the duration of the reduced risk period but increases disease burden. This work suggests that FMD control should be implemented beyond individual herds but, in the interim, herd management may be used to reduced FMD impact to livestock keepers.

scholarly journals Study of the genetic heterogeneity of SAT-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in sub-Saharan Africa with specific focus on East Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sahle ◽  
R.M. Dwarka ◽  
E.H. Venter ◽  
W. Vosloo
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Unrelated Strain

The epidemiology of serotype SAT-2 foot-and-mouth disease was investigated in sub-Saharan Africa by phylogenetic analysis using the 1D gene encoding the major antigenic determinant. Fourteen genotypes were identified of which three are novel and belong to East Africa, bringing the total number of genotypes for that region to eight. The genotypes clustered into three lineages that demonstrated surprising links between East, southern and south-western Africa. One lineage was unique to West Africa. These results established numerous incursions across country borders in East Africa and long term conservation of sequences for periods up to 41 years. Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda have all experienced outbreaks from more than one unrelated strain, demonstrating the potential for new introductions. The amount of variation observed within this serotype nearly equalled that which was found between serotypes; this has severe implications for disease control using vaccination.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Potential for the Environmentally Sustainable Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa

EcoHealth ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Ferguson ◽  
Sarah Cleaveland ◽  
Daniel Thomas Haydon ◽  
Alexandre Caron ◽  
Richard A. Kock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals The Northumberland epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease, 1966

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Sellers ◽  
J. Gloster
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ring Vaccination ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SummaryThe spread of foot-and-mouth disease during an epidemic in Northumberland in July, August and September 1966 was analysed. Although strong emitters, for example pigs, were not involved, in 18 of the 32 outbreaks spread could be attributed to the airborne route and in another 4, spread by this route was the most likely. Airborne spread was in general between 1 and 8 km but on two occasions as much as 20 km. Other means of spread included movement by animals, people and vehicles and carriage of virus between animals in neighbouring fields. No spread by milk or milk lorries took place. Sheep were involved in 9 farms; on each, lesions older than 48 h were found and it is likely that the sheep were the source of virus for other animals, especially cattle, on the farm and on neighbouring farms. The analysis suggests that control measures such as slaughtering direct contacts, as used in this epidemic, or ring vaccination as well as movement control would be effective in limiting spread.

Review of the status and control of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. VOSLOO ◽  
A.D.S. BASTOS ◽  
O. SANGARE ◽  
S.K. HARGREAVES ◽  
G.R. THOMSON
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals The Epidemiological and Economic Impact of a Potential Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Marschik ◽  
Ian Kopacka ◽  
Simon Stockreiter ◽  
Friedrich Schmoll ◽  
Jörg Hiesel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Spread Model ◽  
Foot And Mouth

An outbreak of foot-and mouth disease (FMD) in an FMD-free country such as Austria would likely have serious consequences for the national livestock sector and economy. The objective of this study was to analyse the epidemiological and economic impact of an FMD outbreak in Austria in order to (i) evaluate the effectiveness of different control measures in two Austrian regions with different livestock structure and density, (ii) analyse the associated costs of the control measures and the losses resulting from trade restrictions on livestock and livestock products and (iii) assess the resources that would be required to control the FMD outbreak. The European Foot-and-Mouth Disease Spread Model (EuFMDiS) was used to simulate a potential FMD outbreak. Based on the epidemiological outputs of the model, the economic impact of the outbreak was assessed. The analysis of the simulations showed that the success of control strategies depends largely on the type of control measures, the geographical location, the availability of sufficient resources, and the speed of intervention. The comparison of different control strategies suggested that from an economic point of view the implementation of additional control measures, such as pre-emptive depopulation of susceptible herds, would be efficient if the epidemic started in an area with high livestock density. Depending on the chosen control measures and the affected region, the majority of the total costs would be attributable to export losses (e.g., each day of an FMD epidemic costs Austria € 9–16 million). Our analysis indicated that the currently estimated resources for surveillance, cleaning, and disinfection during an FMD outbreak in Austria would be insufficient, which would lead to an extended epidemic control duration. We have shown that the control of an FMD outbreak can be improved by implementing a contingency strategy adapted to the affected region and by placing particular focus on an optimal resource allocation and rapid detection of the disease in Austria. The model results can assist veterinary authorities in planning resources and implementing cost-effective control measures for future outbreaks of highly contagious viral diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluating vaccination strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: a country comparison study

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1138-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Rawdon ◽  
M.G. Garner ◽  
R.L. Sanson ◽  
M.A. Stevenson ◽  
C. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Outbreak Management ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Fmd Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

AbstractVaccination is increasingly being recognised as a potential tool to supplement ‘stamping out’ for controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in non-endemic countries. Infectious disease simulation models provide the opportunity to determine how vaccination might be used in the face of an FMD outbreak. Previously, consistent relative benefits of specific vaccination strategies across different FMD simulation modelling platforms have been demonstrated, using a UK FMD outbreak scenario. We extended this work to assess the relative effectiveness of selected vaccination strategies in five countries: Australia, New Zealand, the USA, the UK and Canada. A comparable, but not identical, FMD outbreak scenario was developed for each country with initial seeding of Pan Asia type O FMD virus into an area with a relatively high density of livestock farms. A series of vaccination strategies (in addition to stamping out (SO)) were selected to evaluate key areas of interest from a disease response perspective, including timing of vaccination, species considerations (e.g. vaccination of only those farms with cattle), risk area vaccination and resources available for vaccination. The study found that vaccination used with SO was effective in reducing epidemic size and duration in a severe outbreak situation. Early vaccination and unconstrained resources for vaccination consistently outperformed other strategies. Vaccination of only those farms with cattle produced comparable results, with some countries demonstrating that this could be as effective as all species vaccination. Restriction of vaccination to higher risk areas was less effective than other strategies. This study demonstrates consistency in the relative effectiveness of selected vaccination strategies under different outbreak start up conditions conditional on the assumption that each of the simulation models provide a realistic estimation of FMD virus spread. Preferred outbreak management approaches must however balance the principles identified in this study, working to clearly defined outbreak management objectives, while having a good understanding of logistic requirements and the socio-economic implications of different control measures.

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