In VitroEffects of Two Topical Varnish Materials and Er:YAG Laser Irradiation on Enamel Demineralization around Orthodontic Brackets

The aim of thisin vitrowas to evaluate the effects of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) containing varnish materials and Er:YAG laser irradiation on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Forty extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into four treatment groups (i.e., 10 in each group): (1) 5% NaF-ACP varnish, (2) 5% NaF-TCP varnish, (3) Er:YAG laser, and (4) control (no treatment). Er:YAG laser was operated at a wavelength of 2.94 μm and the energy output was 80 mJ per pulse; a pulse duration of 200 μsec and and a frequency of 2 Hz were used with water cooling. All samples were then put into pH cycles. Surface microhardness values and representative SEM images were assessed. Surface microhardness values were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-WhitneyUtests. The results revealed that demineralization was significantly lower in the TCP and ACP varnish groups, whereas mean surface microhardness values of the TCP varnish were found higher than the ACP(P<0.05). TCP and ACP varnish materials were found effective for reducing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Use of Er:YAG laser irradiation as described in this study for inhibition of demineralization was found not satisfactory.

Download Full-text

Chemical Changes of Enamel Produced by Sodium Fluoride, Hydroxyapatite, Er:YAG Laser, and Combined Treatments

Journal of Spectroscopy ◽

10.1155/2018/6750217 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alma Yadira Ceballos-Jiménez ◽

Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis ◽

Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes ◽

Jesús Arenas Alatorre ◽

Rogelio José Scougall-Vilchis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laser Irradiation ◽

Sodium Fluoride ◽

Er:Yag Laser ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Chemical Changes ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Human Enamel ◽

Occlusal Surfaces

Occlusal pits and fissures of permanent molars are considered to have higher risk of developing caries. Enamel demineralization can be prevented by applying remineralizing agents, and their absorption increases with prior irradiation. This work evaluates the chemical changes produced by treating occlusal surfaces with sodium fluoride (NaF), hydroxyapatite-NaF-xylitol (HA-NaF-X), Er:YAG laser irradiation (L), and combinations thereof. Fifty enamel samples were randomly assigned to five groups (n=10): NaF, HA-NaF-X, L, L + NaF, and L + HA-NaF-X. The chemical composition of human enamel was evaluated before (BT) and after (AT) treatment using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and expressed in atomic percentages (at%). For combined treatment groups, the products were applied after laser irradiation. The statistical analyses included a pairedt-test and ANOVA (p≤0.05). After treatment, a significant increase in F at% was observed in the NaF group (2.71 ± 1.41). The irradiated groups showed significant increases in Ca and P at% and the Ca/P ratio. The highest values occurred for L + NaF (30.44 ± 4.28 Ca at%, 11.97 ± 1.45 P at%, and 2.55 ± 0.22 Ca/P ratio). Er:YAG laser irradiation alone or in combined protocols increased the Ca and P content of dental enamel, in vitro.

Download Full-text

Anticaries potential of a fluoride mouthrinse evaluated in vitro by validated protocols

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402008000200001 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 91-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Gisele Pedroso Moi ◽

Lívia Maria Andaló Tenuta ◽

Jaime Aparecido Cury

Keyword(s):

Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽

Randomized Study ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Antibacterial Substance ◽

Surface Microhardness ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Enamel Demineralization ◽

Ph Cycling

This blind and randomized study tested in vitro, using validated protocols, the anticaries potential of an experimental fluoride mouthrinse. One-hundred enamel slabs, half sound and half with caries-like lesions (carious), all with known surface microhardness (SMH), were submitted to 3 treatment groups: A) a placebo mouthrinse (negative control); B) a positive control mouthrinse containing 0.05% NaF; and C) an experimental formulation containing 0.05% NaF and cetylpyridinium chloride as an antibacterial substance. To evaluate the formation of F products on enamel, sound (n=10) and carious (n=10) slabs were treated with the formulations during 10 min and loosely and firmly-bound F formed in enamel were determined after extraction with alkali and acid, respectively. To evaluate the inhibition of enamel demineralization, sound enamel slabs (n=10) were treated with the mouthrinse formulations 2x/day during 1 min and subjected to a pH-cycling regimen simulating a cariogenic challenge (demineralization). To evaluate enamel remineralization, the carious slabs (n=10) were submitted to the treatments 3x/day and subjected to a pH-cycling model simulating a remineralizing condition. After 8 days, enamel SMH was determined again and the percentage of SMH loss or SMH recovery was calculated for the sound and carious slabs, respectively. The experimental formulation was superior to the negative control (p<0.05) and equivalent to the positive control (p>0.05) in the formation of F products in enamel, and in the inhibition of enamel demineralization and enhancement of remineralization. These data suggest that the tested experimental fluoride mouthrinse has anticaries potential.

Download Full-text

Er:YAG laser-induced damage to a dental composite in simulated clinical scenarios for inadvertent irradiation: an in vitro study

Lasers in Medical Science ◽

10.1007/s10103-021-03348-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Katharina Kuhn ◽

Carmen U. Schmid ◽

Ralph G. Luthardt ◽

Heike Rudolph ◽

Rolf Diebolder

Keyword(s):

Laser Irradiation ◽

Laser Fluence ◽

Ablation Threshold ◽

Er:Yag Laser ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Crater Diameter ◽

Clinical Scenarios ◽

Laser Induced Damage

AbstractInadvertent Er:YAG laser irradiation occurs in dentistry and may harm restorative materials in teeth. The aim of this in vitro study was to quantify Er:YAG laser-induced damage to a nanohybrid composite in simulated clinical scenarios for inadvertent direct and indirect (reflection) laser irradiation. The simulation was performed by varying the output energy (OE;direct˃indirect) reaching the specimen and the operating distance (OD;direct˂indirect). Composite specimens were irradiated by an Er:YAG laser. The ablation threshold was determined and clinically relevant parameters were applied (n = 6 for each OE/OD combination) for direct (OE: 570 mJ/OD: 10 mm, OE: 190 mJ/OD: 10 mm) and indirect irradiation (OE: 466 mJ/OD: 15 mm, OE: 57 mJ/OD: 15 mm, OE: 155 mJ/OD: 15 mm, OE: 19 mJ/OD: 15 mm). The extent of damage in the form of craters was evaluated using a laser scanning microscope (LSM) and a conventional light microscope (LM). The ablation threshold was determined to be 2.6 J/cm2. The crater diameter showed the highest value (LM: 1075 ± 18 µm/LSM: 1082 ± 17 µm) for indirect irradiation (reflectant:dental mirror) (OE: 466 mJ/OD: 15 mm). The crater depth showed the highest and comparable value for direct (OE: 570 mJ/OD: 10 mm; LSM: 89 ± 2 µm) and indirect irradiation (OE: 466 mJ/OD: 15 mm; LSM: 90 ± 4 µm). For each OD, the crater diameter, depth, and volume increased with higher laser fluence. However, the OD—and thus the laser spot diameter—also had an enlarging effect. Thus, indirect irradiation (reflectant:dental mirror) with only 47% of the laser fluence of direct irradiation led to a larger diameter and a comparable depth. The three-dimensional extent of the crater was large enough to cause roughening, which may lead to plaque accumulation and encourage caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis under clinical conditions. Clinicians should be aware that reflected irradiation can still create such craters.

Download Full-text

Integrating CAD and 3D-Printing Techniques to Construct an In Vitro Laser Standard Treatment Platform for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Sterilization by Er:YAG Laser in Peri-Implant Intra-Bony Defects

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10103431 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 3431

Author(s):

Shih-Hao Chang ◽

Hsiang-I Mei ◽

Chun-Li Lin

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

3D Printing ◽

Laser Irradiation ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Er:Yag Laser ◽

Bony Defect ◽

Mandibular Incisor ◽

Printing Techniques

This study established an in vitro model mimicking clinical peri-implant intra-bony defects. We investigated the effect of access limitation and the bactericidal effectiveness of erbium-doped yttrium, aluminum and garnet (Er:YAG) laser irradiation in shallow and deep peri-implant defects at different tooth positions. Reverse engineering, computer-aided design (CAD), and 3D-printing techniques were integrated to establish physical peri-implant intra-bony defect models at mandibular central incisor, first premolar, and first molar positions with shallow (2 mm depth) or deep (6 mm depth) defects and with 1.5 mm and 1.8 mm widths at the bottom and crestal portions of the alveolar process, respectively. Three-dimensional printed suites at the corresponding implant sites replaced experimental implant specimens for the investigation of bacterial adhesion in individuals. Dental implants with diameters of 3, 4 and 5 mm were utilized at the mandibular incisor, premolar, and molar positions, respectively. Bacterial adhesion of Gram (–) Escherichia coli on the exposed implant surfaces prior to sterilization was assessed. Sterilization with shallow and deep intra-bony defects was investigated by measuring the reduction of residual viable bacteria on implants after 60 s of irradiation with an Er:YAG laser. The adhesion rate of Gram (–) Escherichia coli on the investigated implant surfaces ranged from 1% to 3% (1.76 ± 1.25%, 2.19 ± 0.75% and 2.66 ± 1.26% for 3, 4, and 5 mm implants, respectively). With shallow peri-implant bony defects, the Er:YAG laser sterilization rates were 99.6 ± 0.5%, 99.3 ± 0.41% and 93.8 ± 7.65% at mandibular incisor, premolar, and molar positions, respectively. Similarly, sterilization rates in deep peri-implant defects were 99 ± 1.35%, 99.1 ± 0.98% and 97.14 ± 2.57%, respectively. A 3D-printed model with replaceable implant specimens mimicking human peri-implant intra-bony defects was established and tested in vitro. This investigation demonstrated effective sterilization using Er:YAG laser irradiation in both shallow and deep peri-implant intra-bony defects at different positions and diameters of dental implants.

Download Full-text

Antibacterial Efficacy of Diode and Er:YAG Laser Irradiation in Experimentally Contaminated Primary Molar Root Canals

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.34.1.n4172034x4054336 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Senem Selvi Kuvvetli ◽

Nuket Sandalli ◽

Nursen Topcuoglu ◽

Guven Kulekci

Keyword(s):

Laser Irradiation ◽

Diode Laser ◽

Er:Yag Laser ◽

Positive Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Antibacterial Efficacy ◽

Primary Molar ◽

Root Canals ◽

Number Of Bacteria

Objective: In vitro comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of Diode and Er:YAG laser irradiation with that of NaOCl irrigation in contaminated primary molar root canals. Study Design: 96 root canals prepared from 32 extracted primary molar teeth were mechanically enlarged and the teeth were randomly divided into 4 subgroups. The roots were inoculated with an overnight culture of Enterococcus faecalis in tryptic soy broth for 24 hours. The root canals irradiated with diode and Er:YAG laser and irrigated with NaOCl(5.25%) were experimental groups and untreated canals served as positive control group. Bacterial growth was analysed by counting viable E.faecalis on tryptic soy agar plates. Results: The number of bacteria was significantly reduced in experimental groups in comparison with the control group. Diode laser was determined to be more effective in reducing the number of bacteria when compared to Er:YAG laser. NaOCl irrigation was found significantly most effective. Conclusions: Diode laser irradiation and 5.25 % NaOCl application provided a significant antibacterial effect in vitro, in contaminated primary molar root canals.

Download Full-text

Efficiency of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate–Containing Orthodontic Composite and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer on Demineralization Evaluated By a New Laser Fluorescence Device

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1697419 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 03 (02) ◽

pp. 127-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Tancan Uysal ◽

Mihri Amasyali ◽

Alp Erdin Koyuturk ◽

Deniz Sagdic

Keyword(s):

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Amorphous Calcium Phosphate ◽

Glass Ionomer Cement ◽

Laser Fluorescence ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Glass Ionomer ◽

Enamel Demineralization ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Resin Modified Glass Ionomer

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacy of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (ACP)-containing orthodontic composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets evaluated by a new laser fluorescence device.Methods: Sixty extracted maxillary premolars were used in the present study. Twenty orthodontic brackets were bonded with ACP-containing orthodontic adhesive (Aegis-Ortho), 20 were bonded with RMGIC (Fuji Ortho LC) ad20 were bonded with Transbond XT composite as the control. All samples were then cycled for 21 days through a daily procedure of demineralization for 6 hours and remineralization for 17 hours. After this procedure, demineralization evaluations were undertaken by a pen-type laser fluorescence device (DIAGNO-dent Pen). Analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) and Tukey test was used for statistical evaluation, at P<.05 level.Results: According to ANOVA, significant demineralization variations (ΔD) were determined among groups (F=6.650; P<.01). The ACP-containing composite showed the lowest (mean: 8.98±2.38) and the control composite showed the highest (mean:12.15±3.83) ΔD, during 21 days demineralization process (P<.01). Significant difference was also observed between the ΔD scores of the RMGIC (mean: 9.24±2.73) and control (P<.05).No significant differences was found in preventive effects of ACP-containing composite and RMGIC (P<.05) against demineralization.Conclusions: The use of both ACP-containing orthodontic composite and RMGIC should be recommended for any at-risk orthodontic patient to provide preventive actions and potentially remineralize subclinical enamel demineralization. (Eur J Dent 2009;3:127-134)

Download Full-text

Effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation on deciduous enamel roughness and bacterial adhesion: An in vitro study

Microscopy Research and Technique ◽

10.1002/jemt.23354 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Bernardo Teutle‐Coyotecatl ◽

Rosalía Contreras‐Bulnes ◽

Rogelio José Scougall‐Vilchis ◽

Argelia Almaguer‐Flores ◽

Laura Emma Rodríguez‐Vilchis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laser Irradiation ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Er:Yag Laser ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Enamel Roughness

Download Full-text

Effects of different topical agents on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets: an in vivo and in vitro study

Australian Dental Journal ◽

10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01233.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 268-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

T Uysal ◽

M Amasyali ◽

AE Koyuturk ◽

S Ozcan

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Enamel Demineralization

Download Full-text

Effect of a carbamide peroxide bleaching gel containing calcium or fluoride on human enamel surface microhardness

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402005000200003 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 103-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Rogério de Oliveira ◽

Adriana Franco Paes Leme ◽

Marcelo Giannini

Keyword(s):

Artificial Saliva ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Control Group ◽

Carbamide Peroxide ◽

Surface Microhardness ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Peroxide Bleaching ◽

Human Enamel

This in vitro study evaluated the surface microhardness of human enamel submitted to bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) containing calcium or fluoride. Ninety-eight dental blocks (5 x 5 mm²) with polished enamel surfaces were randomly assigned to 7 treatment groups (n=14), as follows: without bleaching and storage in artificial saliva (control); 10% CP; 10% CP + 0.05% calcium; 10% CP + 0.1% calcium; 10% CP + 0.2% calcium; 10% CP + 0.2% fluoride; and 10% CP + 0.5% fluoride. During 14 days, enamel surfaces were daily exposed to a 6-h bleaching regimen followed by storage in artificial saliva. Surface microhardness was measured before (baseline), during (7th day), immediately after bleaching (14th day) and 1 week post bleaching. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). All treatments reduced SM significantly during the bleaching cycle (7th day), immediately after bleaching (14th day) and 1 week post bleaching, compared to baseline and to the unbleached control group. In conclusion, in spite of the addition of calcium and fluoride, all bleaching treatments affected the enamel surface microhardness.

Download Full-text