scholarly journals Opportunity Costs of REDD+ to the Communities of Mufindi District, Iringa, Tanzania

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faraji Nuru ◽  
Jumanne Moshi Abdallah ◽  
Yonika Mathew Ngaga
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Key Informant Interview ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

The study was done to assess the opportunity costs of REDD+ to the communities of Mufindi District which is located in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. The specific objectives were, to identify and assess the economic value of alternative land uses, the aboveground carbon stock of Idewa Forest Reserve (IFR), and the profitability of each land use as compared to REDD+ incentives. Data were collected using questionnaire survey, key informant interview, and forest inventory and data were analyzed using the Excel programme. Results showed that the main land uses were agriculture and tree planting with economic values of $2958.52 and $3272.94 per ha per year, respectively. The total aboveground carbon was 39.23 t/ha (143.97/ha). The opportunity costs of REDD+ was varying depending on the price per ton of carbon. The opportunity costs of REDD+ will be profitable if the price per tCO2e will be at least $23. It can therefore be concluded that there is no general unit price per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e), as it depends on REDD+ opportunity cost when compared with alternative land uses within a particular place. Therefore we recommend opportunity costs of REDD+ to communities be used to guide decision making on unit prices of carbon.

scholarly journals Quantification of Aboveground Carbon Stocks in Afromontane Vegetation of Image Forest Reserve (IFR), Southern Highlands of Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Canisius John Kayombo ◽  
Henry Joseph Ndangalasi ◽  
Cosmas Mligo ◽  
Richard Alphonce Giliba ◽  
Deo D Shirima
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Rock Outcrops ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bare Land

Evaluating the aboveground carbon stocks is important for scientific awareness of the vegetation condition. The study was conducted from August to September 2019 to quantify the aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks in Afromontane vegetation of Image Forest Reserve (IFR), in southern highlands of Tanzania. Ground surveys were conducted to identify the existing land cover types in IFR. A total of 170, 20 m x 40 m rectangular sample plots were systematically set on the land cover types at an interval of 250 m. The standing tree species with DBH ≥5 cm were identified and measured for their DBH (cm) at 1.3 m from the ground. Tree stumps were measured at 5 cm from the ground. Allometric equations were used to calculate the aboveground biomass and multiplied by a carbon factor of 0.47 (0.5) to get AGC.  ANOVA was applied to compare the AGC within land cover types. Grounded on this study’s findings, an overall AGtC Ha-1 per land cover type ranged from 7,190.59 ± 9.49. Forest stored the largest AGtC Ha-1 (7,190.59) trailed by woodland (1,662.13), shrub land and grassland (171.54), and bare land and rock outcrops (9.49). The calculated AGC of each tree species per hectare (AGtC Ha-1) ranged from 878.14 ± 0.02. This study revealed a significant difference in AGtC Ha–1 within the forest, woodland, shrub land and grassland, bare land and rock outcrops. Out of the 187 measured tree species, 7 were known to contribute the highest AGtC Ha-1 (878.14 ± 411.61), 14 were in the medium category (322.42 ± 103.28), 53 each contributed low (94.31 ± 10.00), and 113 each contributed very low (9.28 ± 0.02). Further study is needed to assess the whole carbon stored by IFR, encourage tree planting at homesteads to reduce logging in the natural forest, and provision of conservation education.

scholarly journals Equitable Access of Naloxone Programs in Durham Region, Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Martignetti ◽  
W Sun
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Equitable Access ◽  
Descriptive Phenomenology ◽  
Environmental Scan ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Timely Access ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Key Informant Interview

Abstract Background In 2019 there were over 1500 opioid-related deaths in the province of Ontario, Canada. While the opioid crisis is affecting many socioeconomic groups and communities across Canada not all are being affected equally despite the presence of naloxone distribution programs in Ontario. This qualitative exploratory study seeks to understand facilitators and barriers that influence equitable access of naloxone programs in Durham Region, Ontario, Canada. Methods An environmental scan will be conducted to examine the availability and distribution of naloxone across community pharmacies and organizations in Durham Region. A qualitative descriptive phenomenology will be the methodological approach where key informant interviews will explore experiences of users and providers of naloxone programs. Key informants will include service providers and clients of both Ontario Naloxone Program and Ontario Naloxone Program for Pharmacies in Durham Region. The harm reduction framework will be used to guide data analysis where thematic analysis will be conducted to generate overarching themes about the phenomenon. Results The environmental scan will result in the creation of a map outlining availability and distribution of naloxone programs to examine possible gaps that exist in Durham Region. It is expected that key informant interview findings will help understand where inequity exists in accessing Ontario's naloxone programs in Durham Region by highlighting its barriers and facilitators. Conclusions Findings generated will be used for larger scale studies in the future examining equitable access of naloxone distribution programs in Canada. This study will have implications to provide recommendations to policymakers for developing new policies to facilitate timely access of naloxone to mitigate risk of opioid-related harms. Key messages This research will help to better understand the inequities that exist in Ontario's naloxone distribution programs. This research will help to inform recommendations to improve policies surrounding Ontario's naloxone distribution programs.

The economics of cognitive effort

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 704-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Andrew Westbrook ◽  
Todd S. Braver
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Cost Factors

AbstractIf cognitive effort indexes opportunity costs, it should be investigated like other cost factors including risk and delay. We discuss recent methodological advances in behavioral economics and neuroeconomics, highlighting our own work in measuring the subjective (economic) value of cognitive effort. We discuss the implications of Kurzban et al.'s proposal and how some of its predictions may be untestable without behavioral economic formalisms.

scholarly journals Determinants of Patient and Surrogate Experiences With Acute Care Research Consent: A Key Informant Interview Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria M. Scicluna ◽  
Sara F. Goldkind ◽  
Andrea R. Mitchell ◽  
Rebecca D. Pentz ◽  
Candace D. Speight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care ◽  
Interview Study ◽  
Care Research ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Key Informant Interview

scholarly journals INFLUENTIAL MARKETING STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY THE CEMENT INDUSTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 155-173
Author(s):  
Anjay Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Credit Period ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Mind State ◽  
Awareness Tool ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Key Informant Interview

The study is focused to encounter the marketing strategies adopted by cement industries and suppliers. The study is conducted at Madhyapur Thimi Municipality among different level of consumer i.e house owner, supplier, contractor/mason and consultant/engineer. Out of 871 permitted under construction building of fiscal year 2016/17, 89 end consumers and 30 suppliers were selected for questionnaire survey with two different set of questionnaire. Key informant interview was conducted for in depth information while focus group discussion was done to understand influencing strategies. Bonus coupon and credit period was found to be brand promotional tools among 36.67% and 23.33% of the suppliers respectively whereas 50% of the end consumers get attracted through credit period. Credit period is the most influential marketing strategy while advertisement being the brand awareness tool to the consumer to set their brand in ‘Top of Mind’ state.

scholarly journals EVALUASI EFEKTIVITAS TANAMAN DALAM MEREDUKSI POLUSI BERDASARKAN KARAKTER FISIK POHON PADA JALUR HIJAU JALAN PAJAJARAN BOGOR

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDUL HAFIZH AL-HAKIM
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Ecological Function ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Pollution Potential ◽  
The Road

Pajajaran street is one of the main street in Bogor city which has been famous with a high density of vehicle so it has a of high levels of air pollution potential because of the vehicle emissions. This study was conducted to analysis the effectiveness of plants to absorb pollutants in the road side trees based on an assessment of the physical characteristics of the trees to support the surrounding environment and provide recommendations for increase the ecological function of Pajajaran Bogor road side trees in reducing the air pollution. The method of this study used descriptive analysis, spatial analysis, and air quality analysis used the CITYgreen 5.4. The ecological function evaluation of Pajajaran Bogor road side trees in reducing the air pollution shows there are 958 trees which very appropriate to absorb the air pollution, 238 trees which appropriate to absorb the air pollution, 70 trees which less appropriate to absorb the air pollution, and there is no tree which not appropriate to absorb the air pollution. While the function of absorbing particles evaluation shows there is one tree which very appropriate in absorbing the particles, 1136 trees which appropriate in absorbing the particles, 101 trees which less appropriate in absorbing the particles, and 73 trees which not appropriate in absorbing the particles. The result of analysis used CITYgreen 5.4 shows Pajajaran Street Bogor can reduce pollutants in the amount of 2544 lbs (1,298 ton/year) with economic benefits value by $ 6.268 (Rp75.167.175,12). Pajajaran Street Bogor need to add as many as 485 trees in an area that does not have a tree planting so as to optimally reduce the amount of pollution as much as 1.66 ton/year, equivalent to the economic value of Rp 121 095 216.

scholarly journals Fishing Crafts and Gears in Buug, Dumanquillas Bay, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Bryan L. Bitantos ◽  
Lovena Grace Amor T. Dela Cruz ◽  
Jay Pril M. Natuil ◽  
Wellmor John R. Sabado
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Illegal Fishing ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Fish Catch ◽  
Key Informant Interview ◽  
Fishing Practices

Dumanquillas Bay is a body of saltwater and the major source of food located in the Southern Mindanao. It has been observed that marine resources and fish catch in the area are declining. This study assumed that fishing practices affect the decline of marine and fish catch in the bay. A study on the documentation of fishing practices in the area is reported here. Key informant interview (KII), focus group discussion, direct observation and document archival were used. Twenty-three (23) fishing practices were observed in the area. Based on R.A. 10654 or the Philippine Fisheries Code, five (5) fishing practices were identified in the bay which are illegal. These are “pahulbot sa lalum”, “pahulbot sa mabaw”, “panubli”, “panguryente” and “troll” that destroys sea grasses, coral reefs and the sea beds. The illegal fishing practices identified poses a threat to the marine resources. It implies weak implementation of fishing policies among the LGU’s and other concerned government institutions and NGA’s. Capacity building, CEPA campaign and committed implementation of the Philippine Fisheries Code (R.A. 10654) should be implemented by the PAMB and stakeholders in the community to manage the remaining coastal marine resources thereby uplifting the socio-economic status of the coastal community and achieve sustainability.

Labour Emigration From Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Ebabu Chekole Mengistu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level ◽  
Key Informant Interview

In recent years, the magnitude and complexity of movements have brought increased attention to the phenomenon of emigration which affects nearly all countries in the world. In developing countries, labour emigration is extremely complex. The main objective of the study is to explore the trends, causes, and challenges of labour emigration from Ethiopia. In-depth interview, key informant interview, observation, and document analysis were used as methods of data collection. Content and document analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. The results of the study show that there is a high level of labour emigration from Ethiopia. Labour emigration from Ethiopia is mostly associated with economic factors such as unemployment, underemployment, and the search for better life in the destination countries. The institutional structure and inter-institutional collaboration in relation to labour emigration are informed by a fragmented framework. As a result, Ethiopian migrant workers are highly vulnerable to human rights violations.

Key Informant Interview Guide

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Knauer ◽  
Dian L. Baker ◽  
Kathleen Hebbeler ◽  
Linda Davis-Alldritt
Keyword(s):  
Interview Guide ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Key Informant Interview
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