scholarly journals Cadmium Phytoremediation Potential of Napiergrass Cultivated in Kyushu, Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Ishii ◽  
Kotomi Hamano ◽  
Dong-Jin Kang ◽  
Sachiko Idota ◽  
Aya Nishiwaki
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Tropical Species ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Annual Crop ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Soil Cd

Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureumSchumach), a C4tropical species, has been used for forage since it has high dry matter productivity, sustainability over several years in low-altitudinal sites of Kyushu, and little damage from serious pests. Recently, this grass has gained attention due to its potential as a bioethanol feedstock and for phytoremediation. Napiergrass cultivar Wruk Wona was grown as an annual crop in cadmium- (Cd-) contaminated soils under two cutting frequencies. Annual dry matter yield was not affected significantly by cutting frequency, but the concentration and uptake of Cd were higher when cut twice rather than only once, due to high Cd content of the herbage from the second cutting. Therefore, the soil Cd concentration was reduced by 4.6% when managed by cutting twice in a single year of Napiergrass cultivation.

Effect of cutting frequency on species richness and dry matter yield of permanent grassland after grazing cessation

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marie Stybnarova ◽  
Josef Hakl ◽  
Hana Bilosova ◽  
Pavlína Micova ◽  
Oldrich Latal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Permanent Grassland ◽  
Cutting Frequency

Phytoremediation: Enhanced cadmium (Cd) accumulation by organic manuring, EDTA and microbial inoculants (Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp.) in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Panwar ◽  
I. Kádár ◽  
B. Bíró ◽  
K. Rajkai-Végh ◽  
P. Ragályi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Microbial Inoculants ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Spiked Soil ◽  
Living Organisms

Phytoremediation is an approach designed to extract excessive heavy metals from contaminated soils through plant uptake. Cadmium (Cd) is among the elements most toxic to living organisms. Health hazards associated with the lethal intake of Cd include renal (kidney) damage, anaemia, hypertension and liver damage. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) grown on artificially spiked soil (100 μg Cd g−1) with EDTA (2 mmol kg−1 in 5 split doses), FYM, vermicompost (VC) and microbial inoculants (MI) such as Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The growth of Brassica juncea L. was better in soil amended with FYM or VC as compared to unamended Cd-polluted soil. Growth was slightly suppressed in EDTA-treated soil, whereas it was better after treatment with MI. The application of FYM and VC increased the dry matter yield of Indian mustard either alone or in combination with microbial inoculants, while that of EDTA caused a significant decrease in the biomass of Indian mustard. The application of microbial inoculants increased the dry matter yield of both the roots and shoots, but not significantly, because MI shows greater sensitivity towards cadmium. The maximum cadmium concentration was observed in the EDTA +MI treatment, but Cd uptake was maximum in the VC + MI treatment. The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in CdEDTA over the Cd100 treatment, followed by CdVC (65%) and CdFYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants. The corresponding values in the presence of MI were 107, 51 and 37%, respectively. A similar trend was also observed in the roots in the order CdEDTA+M > CdVC+M > CdFYM+M>Cd100+M.MI caused an increase in Cd content of 5.5% in the roots and 4.1% in the shoots in the CdEDTA+M treatment compared with the CdEDTA treatment. FYM, VC and EDTA also increased Cd uptake significantly both in the shoots and roots with and without microbial inoculants.The results indicated that Vermicompost in combination with microbial inoculants is the best treatment for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by Indian mustard, as revealed by the Cd uptake values in the shoots: CdVC+M (2265.7 μg/pot) followed by CdEDTA+M (2251.2 μg/pot), CdFYM+M (1485.7 μg/pot) and Cd100+M (993.1 μg/pot).

The effects of frequency of defoliation on the yield response of a perennial ryegrass sward to a wide range of nitrogen application rates

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cutting Frequency

SummaryIn a 3-year experiment on a sward of S. 23 perennial ryegrass 21 rates of nitrogen fertilizer ranging from 0 to 897 kg/ha were applied annually on plots cut three, five or ten times per year. The cutting dates within each frequency were decided on the basis of herbage growth stage. Four-parameter exponential curves fitted to the herbage yield data show that the pattern of response to nitrogen application in the five cuts per year treatment was markedly similar to that reported for a previous experiment (Reid, 1970). Alterations in the cutting frequency affected the pattern of dry-matter yield response to nitrogen, but not that of crude-protein yield response. The combined effects of cutting frequency and nitrogen rate are illustrated by response surfaces fitted to the dry-matter yield results using an extension of the equation for the curves fitted to the individual frequency results. These surfaces show that as the number of cuts per year was increased the total yield and the response to nitrogen decreased, but the response was maintained to an increasingly high nitrogen rate. The practical implications of the results are discussed in relation to intensive grazing managements for dairy cows.

scholarly journals Estimating Elephant-Grass Adaptability and Stability for Energy-Biomass Production by Regression Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Alexandre Gomes de Souza ◽  
Yure Pequeno de Souza ◽  
Rogério Figueiredo Daher ◽  
Verônica Brito da Silva ◽  
Geraldo de Amaral Gravina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Genotype Evaluation ◽  
Janeiro State

In Brazil, elephant grass has been researched for energy generation, as it represents an alternative energy source by virtue of its biomass production. The present study was developed to examine the adaptability and energy-biomass production stability of 73 elephant-grass genotypes under a biannual-harvest regime, using the methodologies proposed by Eberhart and Russell and Cruz. The experiment was carried out at the northern region of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Nine harvests and subsequent evaluations were performed at six-month intervals. Each harvest was considered an environment of genotype evaluation. After the plants were harvested, their dry matter yield (DMY) was estimated in t ha-1 harvest. Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant effects of genotypes, harvests, and genotype × harvest interaction, by the F test. In five of the nine evaluated harvests, the genotypes had an average dry matter yield greater than the overall mean. The method of Eberhart and Russel was effective in identifying highly adaptable elephant-grass genotypes with high dry matter production stability throughout the nine harvests. When the method of Cruz was used, no genotypes were found comprising high yielding ability, adaptability to unfavorable environments, responsiveness to environmental improvement, and high stability altogether.

scholarly journals Effect of Elephant Grass Genotypes to Bioenergy Production

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Henrique Guimarães De Favare ◽  
Joadil Gonçalves De Abreu ◽  
Livia Vieira de Barros ◽  
Felipe Gomes Da Silva ◽  
Luis Miguel Mendes Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Agronomic Characteristics ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) genotypes on energy production in the combustion form. A randomized block design with 3 repetitions was used. The treatments were arranged in subdivided plots scheme, considering as a plot the genotypes and as subplots, the harvest season. The agronomic characteristics plant height (H), leaf length (LL), leaf blade width (LBW), stem diameter (SD), tillers number (TN), stem percentage (SP), dry matter yield (DMY) were evaluated. The rainy season provided greater H to elephant grass genotypes with height above 3.5 m. The average SP obtained by the genotypes was 68.21% and 67.21% to the first and second year of cultivation, respectively, which gives the biomass good quality of burning. The rainy season provided greater DMY comparing to the dry season. In the first year of cultivation there were genotypes with annual dry matter yield (ADMY) above 50 ton ha-1 year-1, however, the non-maintenance of soil fertility promoted the reduction of 39.17% and 39.05% in the DMY and ADMY, respectively. Analyzing the agronomic characteristics, we conclude that the promising genotypes of elephant grass to produce energy in the form of direct combustion are CNPGL 91-25-1, Cubano Pinda, BRS Canará, Porto Rico and Mercker.

Yield and persistence of irrigated lucernes cut at different frequencies, at Tamworth, New South Wales.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Plant Persistence ◽  
Cutting Interval ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Three irrigated lucerne cultivars, Pioneer Brand 545 (winter dormant), Condura 73 Brand (semiwinter dormant), and CUF 101 (highly winter active), were harvested at fixed cutting intervals of either 25, 28 ,35, 42 or 48 days from September to April in each of four years. This paper reports the effects of these cutting frequencies on the dry matter yield, leaf to stem ratio and persistence of these cultivars. The effect of cutting frequency on mean total yield (the sum of the mean yields for each harvest) was significant (P<0.05) in each year of the experiment, except year 3. Yields were highest in the 35-day cutting frequency in years 1 and 2. In the fourth year of the experiment the mean total yield of Pioneer Brand 545 and Condura 73 Brand was 29% higher (P<0.05) than CUF 101. By the fourth year substantial amounts of grass were present in the 25- and 28-day cutting interval plots. The contrasts between dormant and active cultivars for the dry matter yield of each of the individual harvests were not consistent in the first two years. In the third and fourth years the active initially outyielded the dormant cultivars at all cutting intervals, but yields of both were generally similar at the end of the season. Increasing the interval between successive harvests generally decreased the mean leaf to stem ratio. The ratio of leaf to stem for CUF 101 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that for Pioneer Brand 545, with Condura 73 Brand tending to be intermediate. Within cutting intervals, mean declines in plant persistence were similar for cultivars from the different dormancy groups. Largest changes in plant frequency occurred in the fourth year when the mean frequency for the 25- and 28-day plots decreased from 69 to 12% compared with a mean decline from 74 to 65% for the 42- and 48-day cutting intervals. Productive stand life in this experiment was 3 years, even though disease was negligible. Under these conditions grass invasion was mainly related to harvest interval and much less to cultivar dormancy.

Effects of cutting frequency and levels of nitrogen fertilizer on herbage yield of a guinea grass (Panicum maximum) pasture.

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-197
Author(s):  
C. C. Onyeonagu ◽  
J. E. Asiegbu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weekly Interval ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Cutting Frequency ◽  
Four Levels

The effects of fertilizer-N application and cutting frequency on the herbage yield of Panicum maximum pasture were investigated in 2001 through 2004 in a sandy loam soil at Nsukka. The experiment was a 4r 4 factorial arrangement laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments comprised four levels of Nitrogen of 0, 150, 300, and 450 kg N ha' and four harvesting frequencies of 3-6-19- and 12-weekly intervals, resulting in süteen treatment combinations per block, Grass dry matter yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 7.799 to 10,993 kg ha' and from 5,715 to 14,220 kg ha' when the interval between cuts extended from 3 to 12 weeks at the first and fourth harvest years, respectively. Pasture plots cut at 3- or 6 weeks intervals exhibited much greater weed proportion than those cut at 9-, or 12-week interval. The total annual herbage dry matter yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 8.564 to 11,312 kg ha and from 6,814 to 10,268 in 2001 and 2004, respectively, when fertilizer N was increased from 0 to 450 kg N ha. A combination of 12-weekly interval of cut with 300 kg N ha gave a significantly higher forage grass herbage dry matter yield compared with the values got from 3- or 6-weekly interval combined with any N rate. Fertilizing at 300-450 kg N ha when combined with cutting at 9 to 12-weekly interval bet ween citts was more effective in suppressing growth and proportion of weeds.    

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