Antibiotic Resistance of Diverse Bacteria from Aquaculture in Borneo

The administration of antimicrobials in aquaculture provides a selective pressure creating a reservoir of multiple resistant bacteria in the cultured fish and shrimps as well as the aquaculture environment. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture products and aquaculture’s surrounding environment in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Ninety-four identified bacterial isolates constituted of 17 genera were isolated from sediment, water, and cultured organisms (fish and shrimp) in selected aquaculture farms. These isolates were tested for their antibiotic resistance against 22 antibiotics from several groups using the disk diffusion method. The results show that the highest resistance was observed towards streptomycin (85%,n=20), while the lowest resistance was towards gentamicin (1.1%,n=90). The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index of the isolates tested ranged between 0 and 0.63. It was suggested that isolates with MAR index > 0.2 were recovered from sources with high risk of antibiotic resistant contamination. This study revealed low level of antibiotic resistance in the aquaculture bacterial isolates except for streptomycin and ampicillin (>50% resistance,n=94) which have been used in the aquaculture industry for several decades. Antibiotic resistant patterns should be continuously monitored to predict the emergence and widespread of MAR. Effective action is needed to keep the new resistance from further developing and spreading.

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Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. Isolated from Street-Vended Beverages

Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.47836/pjst.29.1.31 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Siti Shahara Zulfakar ◽

Noraziah Mohamad Zin ◽

Siti Nur Shafika Mat Zalami ◽

Nur Syakirah Mohd Nawawee

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Resistance Profile ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽

Mar Index

The risk of foodborne diseases as well as the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria increases with the consumption of street-vended food and beverages. This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. in street-vended beverages sold in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to identify the antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. isolates towards 11 selected antibiotics. Six beverage samples were found positive for presumptive Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. Upon confirmation via Microgen kit and PCR biochemical testing methods, only one isolate was confirmed to be Salmonella enterica serovar Derby while the other isolates were identified as Citrobacter spp. (n= 12; 2 isolates from each positive beverage sample). The antibiogram test showed that 58.3%, 16.7%, and 8.3% of the strains tested were resistance to tetracycline, cephalexin, and ampicillin respectively, while all isolates were fully resistant toward penicillin and erythromycin. The isolate with the highest MAR index (0.45) was S231, with resistance to five of the tested antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalexin, and ampicillin). Seven isolates had a MAR index of 0.27 and were resistant to three antibiotics, while the remaining four isolates had the lowest MAR index (0.18) and were resistant to only two antibiotics. This study shows that street-vended beverages have a high risk of spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria to the public and that Citrobacter spp. should be considered as emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria in the food production system.

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Detection of pathogenic bacteria associated with earphones used by students of Stamford University Bangladesh

Stamford Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3329/sjm.v10i1.50723 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Omor Ahmed Chowdhury ◽

Md Raihan Ahmed ◽

Md Raihan Dipu ◽

Md Aftab Uddin

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Potential Source ◽

Different Types ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

The use of earphones has increased in recent times throughout the world especially among the different level of students such as school, college or university who have a higher tendency of sharing these among them. Unlike airline headsets, headphones and stethoscope ear-pieces, ear phones are often shared by multiple users and can be a potential medium for transmission of pathogens, which can give rise to various ear related infections. The objective of this study was to detect the pathogenic bacteria from the ear-phones used by the students of Stamford University Bangladesh. A total of 16 ear-phone swabs were collected by sterile cotton swabs. The swabs were inoculated onto blood agar and incubated aerobically overnight at 37oC. Microscopic observation and standard biochemical tests were performed to confirm the identification of all the bacterial isolates. Six presumptively identified Staphylococcus spp. (38%) were tested against six different types of antibiotics following Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were found to be 84% resistant against Cotrimoxazole and demonstrated 100% sensitivity to Vancomycin and Ciprorofloxacin. The findings of this study suggest the users to disinfect their respective ear phones and not to exchange them as they may act as a potential source to transfer pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria among the ear phone users. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 1-4

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Antibiotic Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and Characterization of their AmpC β-Lactamases

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-089 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1857-1863 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ZAHRA S. AL-KHAROUSI ◽

NEJIB GUIZANI ◽

ABDULLAH M. AL-SADI ◽

ISMAIL M. AL-BULUSHI

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Enterobacter Asburiae

ABSTRACT Enterobacteria may gain antibiotic resistance and be potent pathogens wherever they are present, including in fresh fruits and vegetables. This study tested the antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria isolated from 13 types of local and imported fresh fruits and vegetables (n = 105), using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of AmpC β-lactamases were determined in cefoxitin-resistant isolates. Ten percent of the enterobacteria tested (n = 88) were pansusceptible, 74% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 16% were multidrug resistant. Enterobacteria isolates showed the highest antibiotic resistance against ampicillin (66%), cephalothin (57%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (33%), cefoxitin (31%), tetracycline (9%), nalidixic acid (7%), trimethoprim (6%), and kanamycin (5%). Three isolates showed intermediate resistance to the clinically important antibiotic imipenem. Escherichia coli isolated from lettuce exhibited multidrug resistance against five antibiotics. Fifteen isolates were confirmed to have AmpC β-lactamase, using the inhibitor-based test and the antagonism test; the latter test confirmed that the enzyme was an inducible type. Four types of ampC β-lactamase genes (CIT, EBC, FOX, and MOX) were detected in eight isolates: four Enterobacter cloacae isolates and one isolate each of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Enterobacter ludwigii. It was concluded that fresh fruits and vegetables might play a role as a source or vehicle for transferring antibiotic-resistant bacteria that might spread to other countries through exportation. The clinically significant AmpC β-lactamase was rarely documented in the literature on bacteria isolated from fruits and vegetables, and to our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of an inducible type in such commodities.

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MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE INDEXING OF NON- FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17717 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Bhuvaneshwari Gunasekar

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Mar Index ◽

Surgery Department

Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics

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Antibacterial Activity of Prismatomeris tetrandra K. Schum Root Extract against Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria

Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) ◽

10.48048/wjst.2019.6291 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 341-348

Author(s):

On-Anong SOMSAP

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Culture Broth ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Root Extract ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Colony Forming Units

Antibiotic resistance bacteria has become an increasing problem now today due to many factors. This study investigates the efficacy of Prismatomeris tetrandra K. Schum root extract as a new source of antibacterial activity for antibiotic resistant bacteria using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that S. aureus TISTR517 exhibited more sensitivity to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract than other Gram-positive bacteria indicator strains. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria exhibited resistance to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract. The study further showed the activity between P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract and gentamycin (10 µg), it revealed that MRSA142 was resistant to gentamycin (10µg) but sensitive to P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated by using S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142 as indicator strains. The MIC value was 0.59 mg/mL and 1.17 mg/mL for S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142, respectively. MBC assay demonstrated that the MBC value was 9.75 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL for S. aureus TISTR517 and MRSA142 respectively. The mode of action was investigated with the presence of P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract in the culture broth. The action of P. tetrandra K. Schum root extract was revealed of bacteriostatic activity due to the Optical density (OD) at 600 nm and Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of indicator strains were continuously decreased.

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Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8040191 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 191 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sobur ◽

Hasan ◽

Haque ◽

Mridul ◽

Noreddin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Detection ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Fish Market ◽

Pcr Method ◽

High Level

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

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Prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in surgical practice and laboratory dog husbandry room environments at Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok Veterinary Hospital

Veterinary Integrative Sciences ◽

10.12982/vis.2021.024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 269-276

Author(s):

Kulchai Nakbubpa ◽

◽

Kunyavee phattanakitjumroon ◽

Thitichaya Chukiatsiri ◽

Krittamet Rommaneeyachitto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Surgical Practice ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

University Of Technology ◽

Secondary Infections

Klebsiella pneumoniae is commonly found in environments, causing secondary infections in both human and animals, as well as antibiotic resistance problem. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of K. pneumoniae contaminated in the environments of surgical practice and laboratory dog husbandry rooms at Animal hospital, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok during 2019 - 2020. Two-hundred-swabbed samples were collected from these nearby environments and laboratory dogs themselves. Then, all samples were tested for K. pneumoniae and antibiotic susceptibility using disk diffusion method. From the results, the total prevalence was 3.5% and the high frequencies were found in three categories: laboratory dogs (35.7%), veterinarian belongings (3.3%) and building structure (2.5%). The antibiotic resistance was also detected including Cephalexin, Ceftazidime and Penicillin G (100%), Gentamicin and Colistin (85.71%), Amikacin (42.86%), and Ciprofloxacin (14.29%). Owning to the fact that laboratory dogs exposed to an external environment leading to bacterial contamination into themself and the husbandry room. Therefore, the hygiene of laboratory dogs and area in husbandry room should be primarily considered. Our study would be the preliminary baseline for the study of antibiotic resistant K. pneumoniae contamination in dogs, human, and their environments.

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Investigation of Some Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Indigenous Lactobacilli Isolated From Traditional Yogurt In Zanjan Province of Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-612605/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bahare Moghimi ◽

Maryam Ghobadi Dana ◽

Reza Shapouri

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Food Chain ◽

Starter Culture ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Molecular Methods ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Fermented Foods ◽

Antibiotic Resistant

Abstract Purpose: Given the increasing use of antibiotics on humans and livestock for treatment or as a growth stimulant, antibiotic resistance has become a general concern. The food chain and specially fermented foods could be a source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Lactobacilli are considered safe to use as starter culture or probiotic strains. Recently, however, antibiotic-resistant genes isolated from LABs showed the necessity of setting international regulations to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance genes transmission via the food chain. The current study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance of Lactobacilli isolated from traditional yogurt samples from Zanjan province in Iran.Methods: Lactobacilli characterization and identification were carried out through biochemical and molecular methods. The disk diffusion method was applied to determine phenotype resistance using 13 antibiotic disks resistance genes presence were investigated in the isolates to determine transferability risk, respectively.Results: Based on biochemical and molecular methods, 24 isolates have been identified as Lactobacilli with multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotypes. Vancomycin resistance was a typical phenotype and genotype among isolates. On investigated Lactobacilli chromosome, Tetracycline resistance genes Chloramphenicol (cat), beta-lactam, aminoglycosides (aph (3’)-III), and aadA resistance genes have been detected. While the examined resistance genes have not been detected on the plasmids, they were all on the bacterial chromosome.Conclusion: The results showed that the investigated isolates did not carry the resistance genes on their plasmids. It, therefore, would be a good point since they probably do not transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, and they would be proper candidates to do more investigation for introducing new safe starter culture or probiotic strain to food industries.

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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM SEDIMENT OF COASTAL WATER OF PAHANG, MALAYSIA

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v77.6709 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 77 (24) ◽

Author(s):

Nurhazlin Ab Rahman ◽

Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury ◽

Zaima Azira Zainal Abidin

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Coastal Water ◽

High Resistance ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Index Value

This study was undertaken to determine the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in sediment of coastal water of Pahang, Malaysia. A total of 125 bacteria were isolated from sediment samples of Tanjung Lumpur (A and B), Teluk Chempedak, Batu Hitam and Balok and tested against 10 different antibiotics by disc diffusion method. In Teluk Chempedak and Balok, the greatest frequencies of resistance in bacteria were found in Polymyxin B and Streptomycin but less common in Chloramphenicol. Meanwhile, high resistance of bacteria against the antibiotic in Tanjung Lumpur existed in Polymyxin B, Penicillin G and Ampicillin, whilst no resistance in bacteria was found in Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin and Erythromycin. Most of the bacteria from Batu Hitam exhibited high resistance to most of the antibiotics tested. Approximately, most of the isolates showed Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index value higher than 0.2 (>0.2) which suggest there are high-risk of antibiotics contamination in the areas. Two isolates that showed resistance to most antibiotics were identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Brevundimonas vesicularis. Findings from this preliminary study revealed the presence of antibiotic resistance strain of bacteria which may indicate the occurrence of antibiotic contamination s at the coastal water of Pahang, Malaysia and this may pose a potential public health implications.

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Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic-Resistant Pattern of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated From Dairy Products

Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection ◽

10.34172/ajcmi.2021.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Fatemeh Shafiei Seifabadi ◽

Majid Baserisalehi

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Dairy Product ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Resistant Genes ◽

Susceptibility Assay

Background: Microorganisms have potent activity for transferring antibiotic-resistant genes with either chromosomally- or plasmid-mediated characteristics. The purpose of this study was to isolate Lactobacillus from different commercial products and evaluate their potential in antibiotic-resistant development. Chromosomally-or plasmid-mediated resistant genes were investigated as well. Methods: In total, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from 20 commercial dairy product samples such as cheese and yoghurt. The isolates were phenotypic and molecularly identified and their antibiotic-resistant properties were assessed by the disk-diffusion method. Finally, the plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistant characters of the isolates were evaluated by plasmid curing via evaluated temperatures and acridine orange methods. Results: Five strains Lactobacillus paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. fermentum were isolated different products. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility assay indicated that all strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and imipenem and resistant to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Furthermore, different responses were observed among the isolates against streptomycin and gentamicin. The evaluation of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in the isolates revealed that streptomycin and gentamicin-resistant characters were of plasmid-mediated type in L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum strains. Conclusions: In general, our finding demonstrated that some commercial Lactobacillus strains harboured antibiotic-resistant genes. These genes can be located either in chromosome or plasmid group. Hence, the frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria might be increased after consuming some dairy products because of the horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes among the bacteria.

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