scholarly journals A Review of Artificial Lateral Line in Sensor Fabrication and Bionic Applications for Robot Fish

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guijie Liu ◽  
Anyi Wang ◽  
Xinbao Wang ◽  
Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Sensor Fabrication ◽  
Robot Fish ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Lateral line is a system of sense organs that can aid fishes to maneuver in a dark environment. Artificial lateral line (ALL) imitates the structure of lateral line in fishes and provides invaluable means for underwater-sensing technology and robot fish control. This paper reviews ALL, including sensor fabrication and applications to robot fish. The biophysics of lateral line are first introduced to enhance the understanding of lateral line structure and function. The design and fabrication of an ALL sensor on the basis of various sensing principles are then presented. ALL systems are collections of sensors that include carrier and control circuit. Their structure and hydrodynamic detection are reviewed. Finally, further research trends and existing problems of ALL are discussed.

Oral mucosa, saliva, and speech

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Devlin ◽  
Rebecca Craven
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Oral Precancer ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Oral mucosa, saliva, and speech in relation to dentistry are the topics in this chapter. The chapter starts with the normal structure and function of oral mucosa, leading on to a discussion of problems in normal physiology leading to ulceration and to oral precancer and carcinoma. This is followed by a consideration of saliva, its production and properties, and important issues arising from lack of saliva. Swallowing, its phases and control and dental relevance, are next discussed. The concluding section deals with speech, vocalization, phonation, and articulation together with problems of dental relevance, that may arise.

Impact of artificial reefs on sediment bacterial structure and function in Bohai Bay

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Jinsheng Sun ◽  
Enjun Fang ◽  
Biao Guo ◽  
Yuanyuan Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
Reef Area ◽  
The Future ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Artificial reefs have significantly altered ecological and environmental conditions compared with natural reefs, but how these changes affect sediment bacteria structure and function is unknown. Here, we compared the structure and function of the sediment bacterial community in the artificial reef area, the future artificial reef area, and the control area in Bohai Bay by 16S rRNA genes sequencing. Our results indicated that bacteria communities in the sediment were both taxonomically and functionally different between the reef area and control area. In the artificial reef area, the α-diversity was significantly lower, whereas the β-diversity was significantly higher. Functional genes related to chemo-heterotrophy, nitrate reduction, hydrocarbon degradation, and the human pathogens and human gut were more abundant, whereas genes related to the metabolism of sulfur compounds were less abundant in the artificial reef than in the control area. The differences in bacterial communities were primarily determined by depth in the artificial reef area, and by total organic carbon in the future reef area and control area. This study provides the first overview of molecular ecology to assess the impacts of artificial reefs on the bacteria community.

Imaging of depressive disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 797-806
Author(s):  
Guy M. Goodwin ◽  
Michael Browning
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
And Control

Neuroimaging techniques have been used extensively to compare brain structure and function between patients with, or at risk of, depression and control subjects. The goal of this work has largely been to identify pathophysiological processes in depression. However, progress in this field has been limited by the heterogeneity of patient populations, the use of small sample sizes, and an overreliance on case-control studies. These limitations have increasingly been acknowledged with recent work collecting much larger samples and employing a variety of study designs, including those able to stratify patient populations. This chapter reviews imaging studies in depression, highlighting both outstanding questions and promising recent findings.

Integration and control: the nervous system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Burton ◽  
Margaret Burton
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
System P ◽  
Central Brain ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

The complexity of fish behaviour and information processing indicates high levels of neural, anatomical and functional organization. Neural cells are conducting neurons and neuroglia with putative support and physiological roles. Neuronal conduction, synaptic transmission, reflexes and neuropils are factors in integrative activity and information processing. Fish nervous systems are organized into central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (including autonomic) components. Interestingly the structure and function of the fish optic tectum have been considered comparable to those of the tetrapod cerebral cortex. Also of interest are the bilaterally paired large Mauthner fibres in the teleost central nervous system, which mediate startle responses. The autonomic nervous system in fish occupies a pivotal position amongst vertebrates, including uncertainty about the existence of a posterior parasympathetic component. The trend is to regard it in terms of spinal autonomic (sympathetic) cranial autonomic (parasympathetic) and enteric systems. Accounts of the autonomic control of individual effector systems are included.

scholarly journals Inference about Absence as a Window into the Mental Self-Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matan Mazor
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Counterfactual Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Computational Bottleneck ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

To represent something as absent, one must know that they would have known if it was present. This form of counterfactual reasoning critically relies on a mental self-model: a simplified schema of one’s own cognition, which specifies expected perceptual and cognitive states under different world states and affords better monitoring and control over cognitive resources. Here I propose to use inference about absence as a unique window into the structure and function of the mental self-model. In contrast to commonly used paradigms, using inference about absence bypasses the need for explicit metacognitive reports. I draw on findings from low-level perception, spatial attention, and episodic memory, in support of the idea that self knowledge is a computational bottleneck for efficient inference about absence, making inference about absence a cross-cutting framework for probing key features of the mental self-model that are not accessible for introspection.

Microvascular Structure and Function in Vitro

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham D. Stroock ◽  
Nak Won Choi ◽  
Tobias D. Wheeler ◽  
Valerie Cross ◽  
Scott Verbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Convective Mass Transfer ◽  
Negative Pressures ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Vascular structure — a network of convective paths — is a ubiquitous element in multicellular, living systems. The key function of vascular structure in animals and plants is mediation of convective mass transfer over macroscopic distances; this transfer allows an organism to monitor and control the chemical state of its tissues. In our laboratory, we are developing methods to embed and operate microfluidic systems within tissue-like materials in order to capture this function for both biological and non-biological applications. I will present two examples to illustrate our efforts: 1) Capillary beds for the culture of mammalian cells in three-dimensions. In this section, I will discuss the development of methods both to fabricate synthetic capillary beds and to grow them directly out of endothelial cells. I will highlight how simple ideas from continuum mechanics and material science have guided our efforts. 2) Synthetic xylem networks that allow for the transpiration of water at large negative pressures. I will point out the unusual thermodynamic and transport phenomena that are involved in the transpiration process in plants. I will then present our perspectives on the design criteria for systems — synthetic and biological — that mediate this process. Finally, I will describe our experiments with “synthetic trees” in which we have reproduced the main features of transpiration. I will conclude with perspectives on applications and generalizations of both these classes of vascularized materials.

scholarly journals Mapping axon initial segment structure and function by multiplexed proximity biotinylation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdan Hamdan ◽  
Brian C. Lim ◽  
Tomohiro Torii ◽  
Abhijeet Joshi ◽  
Matthias Konning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
Neuronal Polarity ◽  
Intracellular Membrane ◽  
Polarized Trafficking ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control ◽  
Axon Initial Segments

AbstractAxon initial segments (AISs) generate action potentials and regulate the polarized distribution of proteins, lipids, and organelles in neurons. While the mechanisms of AIS Na+ and K+ channel clustering are understood, the molecular mechanisms that stabilize the AIS and control neuronal polarity remain obscure. Here, we use proximity biotinylation and mass spectrometry to identify the AIS proteome. We target the biotin-ligase BirA* to the AIS by generating fusion proteins of BirA* with NF186, Ndel1, and Trim46; these chimeras map the molecular organization of AIS intracellular membrane, cytosolic, and microtubule compartments. Our experiments reveal a diverse set of biotinylated proteins not previously reported at the AIS. We show many are located at the AIS, interact with known AIS proteins, and their loss disrupts AIS structure and function. Our results provide conceptual insights and a resource for AIS molecular organization, the mechanisms of AIS stability, and polarized trafficking in neurons.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document