scholarly journals Structural Optimization of a Wearable Deep Body Thermometer: From Theoretical Simulation to Experimental Verification

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Huang ◽  
Toshiyo Tamura ◽  
Zunyi Tang ◽  
Wenxi Chen ◽  
Shigehiko Kanaya
Keyword(s):  
Structural Modification ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Theoretical Simulation ◽  
Deep Body

Deep body temperature (DBT) has yet to be measured continuously in everyday life, even though it is useful in physiological monitoring and chronobiology studies. We tried to address this issue by developing a transcutaneous thermometer based on the dual-heat-flux method (DHFM) invoking the principle of heat transfer, for which measurement error was mitigated by elaborate design. First, a structural modification based on the original design of the DHFM was implemented by the finite element method. Based on the results of the simulations, prototypes were then implemented and tested with an experimental system that mimicked the thermometer being applied to skin. The simulation phase proposed the adoption of an aluminum cover to boost measurement accuracy and suggested that thermometers of different height be chosen according to specified requirements. The results of the mock-up experiments support the modification put forward in the simulation phase: the standard type (15 mm in height) achieved the accuracy with error below 0.3°C while the thin type (9 mm in height) attained accuracy with error less than 0.5°C under normal ambient temperature ranging from 20 to 30°C. Even though the design should also be examinedin vivo, it is believed that this study is an important step in developing a practical noninvasive deep body thermometer.

Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel 9R-Acyloxyquinine Derivatives as Insecticidal Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Zhiping Che ◽  
Jinming Yang ◽  
Di Sun ◽  
Yuee Tian ◽  
Shengming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Structural Modification ◽  
Combinatorial Synthesis ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Botanical Insecticide ◽  
Mythimna Separata ◽  
Lead Compounds

Background: It is one of the effective ways for pesticide innovation to develop new insecticides from natural products as lead compounds. Quinine, the main alkaloid in the bark of cinchona tree as well as in plants in the same genus, is recognized as a safe and potent botanical insecticide to many insects. The structural modification of quinine into 9R-acyloxyquinine derivatives is a potential approach for the development of novel insecticides, which showed more toxicity than quinine. However, there are no reports on the insecticidal activity of 9Racyloxyquinine derivatives to control Mythimna separata. Methods: Endeavor to discover biorational natural products-based insecticides, 20 novel 9Racyloxyquinine derivatives were prepared and assessed for their insecticidal activity against M. separata in vivo by the leaf-dipping method at 1 mg/mL. Results: Among all the compounds, especially derivatives 5i, 5k and 5t exhibited the best insecticidal activity with final mortality rates of 50.0%, 57.1%, and 53.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, a free 9-hydroxyl group is not a prerequisite for insecticidal activity and C9- substitution is well tolerated; modification of out-ring double-bond is acceptable, and hydrogenation of double-bond enhances insecticidal activity; Quinine ring is essential and open of it is not acceptable. These preliminary results will pave the way for further modification of quinine in the development of potential new insecticides.

scholarly journals Effects of Loading and Boundary Conditions on the Performance of Ultrasound Compressional Viscoelastography: A Computational Simulation Study to Guide Experimental Design

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2590
Author(s):  
Che-Yu Lin ◽  
Ke-Vin Chang
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Fixation Method ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Sample Container

Most biomaterials and tissues are viscoelastic; thus, evaluating viscoelastic properties is important for numerous biomedical applications. Compressional viscoelastography is an ultrasound imaging technique used for measuring the viscoelastic properties of biomaterials and tissues. It analyzes the creep behavior of a material under an external mechanical compression. The aim of this study is to use finite element analysis to investigate how loading conditions (the distribution of the applied compressional pressure on the surface of the sample) and boundary conditions (the fixation method used to stabilize the sample) can affect the measurement accuracy of compressional viscoelastography. The results show that loading and boundary conditions in computational simulations of compressional viscoelastography can severely affect the measurement accuracy of the viscoelastic properties of materials. The measurement can only be accurate if the compressional pressure is exerted on the entire top surface of the sample, as well as if the bottom of the sample is fixed only along the vertical direction. These findings imply that, in an experimental validation study, the phantom design should take into account that the surface area of the pressure plate must be equal to or larger than that of the top surface of the sample, and the sample should be placed directly on the testing platform without any fixation (such as a sample container). The findings indicate that when applying compressional viscoelastography to real tissues in vivo, consideration should be given to the representative loading and boundary conditions. The findings of the present simulation study will provide a reference for experimental phantom designs regarding loading and boundary conditions, as well as guidance towards validating the experimental results of compressional viscoelastography.

scholarly journals Rectus Femoris Mimicking Ultrasound Phantom for Muscle Mass Assessment: Design, Research, and Training Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2721
Author(s):  
Nobuto Nakanishi ◽  
Shigeaki Inoue ◽  
Rie Tsutsumi ◽  
Yusuke Akimoto ◽  
Yuko Ono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phantom Model ◽  
Ultrasound Measurements ◽  
Ultrasound Phantom

Ultrasound has become widely used as a means to measure the rectus femoris muscle in the acute and chronic phases of critical illness. Despite its noninvasiveness and accessibility, its accuracy highly depends on the skills of the technician. However, few ultrasound phantoms for the confirmation of its accuracy or to improve technical skills exist. In this study, the authors created a novel phantom model and used it for investigating the accuracy of measurements and for training. Study 1 investigated how various conditions affect ultrasound measurements such as thickness, cross-sectional area, and echogenicity. Study 2 investigated if the phantom can be used for the training of various health care providers in vitro and in vivo. Study 1 showed that thickness, cross-sectional area, and echogenicity were affected by probe compression strength, probe angle, phantom compression, and varying equipment. Study 2 in vitro showed that using the phantom for training improved the accuracy of the measurements taken within the phantom, and Study 2 in vivo showed the phantom training had a short-term effect on improving the measurement accuracy in a human volunteer. The new ultrasound phantom model revealed that various conditions affected ultrasound measurements, and phantom training improved the measurement accuracy.

Evaluation of a newly developed monitor of deep body temperature

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiaki Yamakage ◽  
Sohshi Iwasaki ◽  
Akiyoshi Namiki
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Deep Body

Circadian rhythm abnormalities of deep body temperature in depressive disorders

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazushi Daimon ◽  
Naoto Yamada ◽  
Tetsushi Tsujimoto ◽  
Saburo Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Deep Body

A vector system for fast-forward studies of the HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) resistosome in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Harant ◽  
Hsuan Pai ◽  
Toshiyuki Sakai ◽  
Sophien Kamoun ◽  
Hiroaki Adachi
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Transient Gene Expression ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Vector System ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Functional Studies

Abstract Nicotiana benthamiana has emerged as a complementary experimental system to Arabidopsis thaliana. It enables fast-forward in vivo analyses primarily through transient gene expression and is particularly popular in the study of plant immunity. Recently, our understanding of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) plant immune receptors has greatly advanced following the discovery of the Arabidopsis HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) resistosome. Here, we describe a vector system of 72 plasmids that enables functional studies of the ZAR1 resistosome in N. benthamiana. We showed that ZAR1 stands out among the coiled coil class of NLRs (CC-NLRs) for being highly conserved across distantly related dicot plant species and confirmed NbZAR1 as the N. benthamiana ortholog of Arabidopsis ZAR1. Effector-activated and autoactive NbZAR1 trigger the cell death response in N. benthamiana and this activity is dependent on a functional N-terminal α1 helix. C-terminally tagged NbZAR1 remains functional in N. benthamiana, thus enabling cell biology and biochemical studies in this plant system. We conclude that the NbZAR1 open source pZA plasmid collection forms an additional experimental system to Arabidopsis for in planta resistosome studies.

Thermal Stress and the Contribution of Radiant Heat

1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
D. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Radiant Heat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Cardiovascular Stress ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Climatic Severity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Deep Body ◽  
Different Climates

AbstractSixteen young, healthy volunteers were exposed to eight thermally severe environments, each subject being exposed to four different climates. Four climates had a radiant heat component; globe temperature some 10°C above dry bulb. In the other four climates, the globe temperature was close to the dry bulb. Measurements of endurance time in the different climates were made, as were changes in deep body temperature and heart rate. The relationship between the wet bulb globe thermometer index (WBGT) and stay times in the non-radiant climates agreed well with that of previous workers. Further, the WBGT index appeared adequate, in the situation under study, in terms of its ability to quantify climatic severity, thermal and cardiovascular stress and hence endurance in climates with a high radiant heat component.

Hypothalamic temperature and deep body temperature during copulation in the male rat

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Blumberg ◽  
Julie A. Mennella ◽  
Howard Moltz
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Deep Body
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