scholarly journals Reducing Spectrum Handoffs and Energy Switching Consumption of MADM-Based Decisions in Cognitive Radio Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Aguilar-Gonzalez ◽  
Marco Cardenas-Juarez ◽  
Ulises Pineda-Rico ◽  
Armando Arce ◽  
Matti Latva-aho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Real Spectrum ◽  
Channel Switching ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Multiple Attribute ◽  
Spectrum Holes ◽  
Cognitive User

In a cognitive radio network (CRN), the number of spectrum handoffs increases energy consumption of cognitive (or secondary) users due to the channel switching process. This might limit the operation of the CRN, especially in scenarios where secondary users terminals are battery-powered. Thus, reducing the number of times a cognitive user involved in a transmission switch to different spectrum holes is required to increase battery life-time. In this regard, available spectrum holes possess different attributes (e.g., bandwidth) that can be exploited to satisfy specific secondary users requirements (i.e., connection profile) for data transmission while saving energy. Here, three multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) algorithms for the spectrum decision functionality are evaluated using real spectrum measurements of TV bands. This is performed by proposing six decision parameters, which are extracted from the spectrum data to characterize its suitability. Then, these are used as inputs of the MADM algorithms to select the most suitable spectrum hole for a cognitive user. Thus, an enhanced MADM-based decision process is proposed to reduce the number of handoffs considering energy consumption due to channel switching (ECCS). Results quantify savings from 30% to 90% in ECCS and spectrum handoffs reductions from 47% to 90%.

Deep Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Utilizing Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahil Sarikhani ◽  
Farshid Keynia
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Spectrum Holes

Abstract Cognitive Radio (CR) network was introduced as a promising approach in utilizing spectrum holes. Spectrum sensing is the first stage of this utilization which could be improved using cooperation, namely Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS), where some Secondary Users (SUs) collaborate to detect the existence of the Primary User (PU). In this paper, to improve the accuracy of detection Deep Learning (DL) is used. In order to make it more practical, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is used since there are some memory in the channel and the state of the PUs in the network. Hence, the proposed RNN is compared with the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and it represents useful advantages to the contrast one, which is demonstrated by simulation.

Energy Efficient Image Compression and Transmission in WSN

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Wajeeha Aslam ◽  
Muazzam A. Khan ◽  
M. Usman Akram ◽  
Nazar Abbas Saqib ◽  
Seungmin Rho
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Image Compression ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Battery Life

Wireless sensor networks are greatly habituated in widespread applications but still yet step behind human intelligence and vision. The main reason is constraints of processing, energy consumptions and communication of image data over the sensor nodes. Wireless sensor network is a cooperative network of nodes called motes. Image compression and transmission over a wide ranged sensor network is an emerging challenge with respect to battery, life time constraints. It reduces communication latency and makes sensor network efficient with respect to energy consumption. In this paper we will have an analysis and comparative look on different image compression techniques in order to reduce computational load, memory requirements and enhance coding speed and image quality. Along with compression, different transmission methods will be discussed and analyzed with respect to energy consumption for better performance in wireless sensor networks.

scholarly journals On optimal number of cognitive radios considering co-site electromagnetic compatibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxue Liao
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Cognitive Radios ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Radio System ◽  
Spectrum Holes ◽  
Cognitive User

AbstractWith the development and wide applications of wireless communication technology, the limited spectrum resources and the fixed spectrum allocation policy could no longer satisfy the demand for wireless communication. Just for this reason, many spectrum resources become spectrum holes because they are allocated but not used. Cognitive radio is now becoming one of the most important techniques for high utility of these spectrum holes. If the holes available to cognitive users are abundant over a certain time, it is a worth consideration to increase network throughputs by orthogonal multiplexing as many as spectrum holes. A multi-transceiver configuration is one of the possible solutions for this purpose. With such a schema, all transceivers within a cognitive user work in a concurrent or parallel mode, by which the throughput of the network can be increased. However, co-site working cognitive radios may incur electromagnetic interference between each other. When more cognitive radios are equipped, much electromagnetic interference may be incurred. Many techniques are proposed to mitigate such so-siting interference; however, none of them have addressed the probability that the interference will happen. If the probability could be estimated in advance, the user will make a better planning on the configurations of the co-siting working radios. Based on an elaborated n-fold multiple integral model, we propose a novel method to decide how many cognitive radios can be installed for one cognitive user at most. This is our main contribution with this work, providing an enhanced ability to determine the optimal number of cognitive radios installed within each cognitive user. We make a strict deduction on electromagnetic compatibility probability with various parameters of cognitive radios. Simulations are performed and the results show that the electromagnetic compatibility of the simulated cognitive radio system meets the deducted probability by this method very well.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Improvement of OOK Transmitter Based on Minimum Energy Coding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
yue peng ◽  
Guillaume Andrieux ◽  
Jean-francois diouris
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Closed Form Solution ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Transmission Range ◽  
Energy Consumption Model ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Consumption Model

Abstract Energy consumption of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) including OOK transmitter is important for short range transmission and long battery life time requirements. In this paper, the Minimum Energy (ME) coding strategy is adopted to improve the energy efficiency of an OOK transmitter. We first give the energy consumption model based on a real OOK transmitter, which can completely switch off the transmitter during the transmission of low bit '0' and has an energy effciency of 52 pJ/bit. Based on this energy consumption model, ME-Coding provides an energy effciency of 30 pJ/bit for coding size k = 3. Moreover, larger coding size others more significant improvement, at the sacrifice of spectral effciency and transmission range. In this paper, we have also determined a closed-form solution for the optimal coding size for a given transmission range constraint.

Improved Learning Scheme for Cognitive Radio using Artificial Neural Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Rita Mahajan ◽  
Deepak Bagai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Wireless System ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Cognitive User

<p>The future of wireless system is facing the problem of spectrum scarcity. Number of users is increasing rapidly but available spectrum is limited. The Cognitive Radio (CR) network technology can enable the unlicensed users to share the frequency spectrum with the licensed users on a dynamic basis without creating any interference to primary user. Whenever secondary user finds that primary user is not transmitting and channel is free then it uses channel opportunistically. In this paper cognitive radio with predictive capability using artificial neural network has been proposed. The advantage of such cognitive user is saving of time and energy for spectrum sensing. Proposed radio will sense only that channel which is predicted to be free and channel is selected on the basis of maximum vacant time. Performance has been evaluated in the term of mean square error. The results show that this learning capability can be embedded in secondary users for better performance of future wireless technologies.  </p>

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENTS OF COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS USING THE IMPROVED FUZZY LOGIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. P Ebby Darney ◽  
Dr. I. Jeena Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Allocation ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Channel Switching ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
User Request ◽  
Radio Technology ◽  
Effective Decision

The rapid increase in the mobile device and the different types of wireless communication has led to the necessity of the extra spectrum allocation for the proper transmission of the information. Since the additional spectrum allocation for every network involved in the data transmission is a strenuous process, the efficient management of the spectrum allocation is preferred. The cognitive radio technology does a befitting service in the managing the allocation of the spectrum efficiently by providing the vacant spaces of the licensed users to the secondary users and vacating the secondary users when the licensed user request for the spectrum. This results in the deterioration in the performance of the secondary users due to the immediate evacuating. The conventional methods in the deciding the channel switching remains unsuitable for the cognitive radio network, so to have an effective decision on switching and selecting the channel the paper put forth the improved fuzzy logic that relies on the decision (IFDSS-GA) support system to handle both the switching of the channels and genetic algorithm to select the proper spectrum for conveyance. The evaluation of the proposed approach using the network simulator -2 determines the competency the IFDSS in terms of the throughput and switching rate.

scholarly journals Improved Learning Scheme for Cognitive Radio using Artificial Neural Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Rita Mahajan ◽  
Deepak Bagai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Wireless System ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Learning Capability ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Cognitive User

<p>The future of wireless system is facing the problem of spectrum scarcity. Number of users is increasing rapidly but available spectrum is limited. The Cognitive Radio (CR) network technology can enable the unlicensed users to share the frequency spectrum with the licensed users on a dynamic basis without creating any interference to primary user. Whenever secondary user finds that primary user is not transmitting and channel is free then it uses channel opportunistically. In this paper cognitive radio with predictive capability using artificial neural network has been proposed. The advantage of such cognitive user is saving of time and energy for spectrum sensing. Proposed radio will sense only that channel which is predicted to be free and channel is selected on the basis of maximum vacant time. Performance has been evaluated in the term of mean square error. The results show that this learning capability can be embedded in secondary users for better performance of future wireless technologies.  </p>

scholarly journals An Optimal Eigenvalue Based Spectrum Sensing Algorithm for Cognitive Radio

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Gevira Omondi ◽  
Vitalis K. Oduol
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Covariance Matrix ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Cognitive Radios ◽  
Sample Covariance Matrix ◽  
Dominant Eigenvalue ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Sample Covariance ◽  
Spectrum Holes

Spectrum is a scarce resource, and licensed spectrum is intended to be used only by the spectrum owners. Various measurements of spectrum utilization have shown unused resources in frequency, time and space. Cognitive radio is a new concept of reusing licensed spectrum in an unlicensed manner. The unused resources are often referred to as spectrum holes or white spaces. These spectrum holes could be reused by cognitive radios, sometimes called secondary users. All man-made signals have some structure that can be potentially exploited to improve their detection performance. This structure is intentionally introduced for example by the channel coding, the modulation and by the use of space-time codes. This structure, or correlation, is inherent in the sample covariance matrix of the received signal. In particular the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix have some spread, or in some cases some known features that can be exploited for detection. This work aims to implement, evaluate, and eventually improve on algorithms for efficient computation of eigenvalue-based spectrum sensing methods. The computations will be based on power methods for computation of the dominant eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of signals received at the secondary users. The proposed method endeavors to overcome the noise uncertainty problem, and perform better than the ideal energy detection method. The method should be used for various signal detection applications without requiring the knowledge of the signal, channel and noise power.

scholarly journals On Optimal Number of Cognitive Radios Considering Co-site Electromagnetic Compatibility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxue Liao
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Cognitive Radios ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Radio System ◽  
Parallel Mode ◽  
Spectrum Holes ◽  
High Utility ◽  
Cognitive User

Abstract Cognitive radio is becoming one of the most important techniques for high utility of spectrum holes. If the holes available to cognitive users are abundant over a certain time, it is a worth consideration to increase network throughputs by orthogonal multiplexing as many as spectrum holes. A multi-transceiver configuration is one of the possible solutions for this purpose. With such a schema, all transceivers within a cognitive user work in a concurrent or parallel mode, by which the throughput of the network can be increased. However, co-site working cognitive radios may incur electromagnetic interference between each other. When more cognitive radios are equipped, much electromagnetic interference may be incurred. Based on an electromagnetic compatibility probability analysis, this paper proposes a novel method to decide how many cognitive radios can be installed for one cognitive user at most. We make a strict deduction on electromagnetic compatibility probability with various parameters of cognitive radios. Simulations are performed and the results show that the electromagnetic compatibility of the simulated cognitive radio system meet the deducted probability very well.

Joint Detection of Spatial-Temporal Spectrum Holes for Cognitive Radio Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 2802-2805
Author(s):  
Fu Lai Liu ◽  
Shou Ming Guo ◽  
Rui Yan Du
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Radio ◽  
Spectrum Sensing ◽  
Cognitive Radio Networks ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Spatial Spectrum ◽  
Radio Networks ◽  
Spectrum Utilization ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Secondary Network ◽  
Spectrum Holes

Spectrum sensing is a key technology to reliably detect spectrum holes in multi-dimensions for cognitive radio networks. In this paper, a joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing scheme is proposed. First of all, the secondary users (SUs) located inside the primary exclusive region (PER) perform temporal sensing. When the primary user (PU) is present, the SUs located outside the PER perform spatial spectrum sensing. The proposed method can improve the spectrum utilization by exploiting both temporal and spatial spectrum holes. The achievable throughput for the secondary network of joint spatial-temporal sensing is higher than that of pure temporal sensing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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