Low-Cost and Long-Range Node-Assisted WiFi Backscatter Communication for 5G-Enabled IoT Networks

The fifth-generation-enabled Internet of Things (5G-enabled IoT) has been considered as a key enabler for the automation of almost all industries. In 5G-enabled IoT, resource-limited passive devices are expected to join the IoT using the WiFi backscatter communication (WiFi-BSC) technology. However, WiFi-BSC deployment is currently limited due to high equipment cost and short transmission range. To address these two drawbacks, in this paper, we propose a low-cost and long-range node-assisted WiFi backscatter communication scheme. In our scheme, a WiFi node can receive backscatter signals using two cheap regular half-duplex antennas (instead of using expensive full-duplex technique or collaborating with multiple other nodes), thereby reducing the equipment cost. Besides, WiFi nodes can help relay backscatter signals to remote 5G infrastructure, greatly extending the backscatter’s transmission range. We then develop a theoretical model to analyze the throughput of WiFi-BSC. Extensive simulations verify the effectiveness of our scheme and the accuracy of our model.

Improved Unequal-Clustering and Routing Protocol

We propose improved unequal-clustering and routing protocol (IUCR) protocol to solve both of these problems jointly. IUCR provide fixed area clustering derived from transmission range of network nodes. This clustering also develops strong network backbone that provides fail-over-proof routing. Efficient routing path is achieved by finding minimal hop-count with availability of alternate routing path.

Improved Unequal-Clustering and Routing Protocol

We propose improved unequal-clustering and routing protocol (IUCR) protocol to solve both of these problems jointly. IUCR provide fixed area clustering derived from transmission range of network nodes. This clustering also develops strong network backbone that provides fail-over-proof routing. Efficient routing path is achieved by finding minimal hop-count with availability of alternate routing path.

Empowered Hybrid Parent Selection for Improving Network Lifetime, PDR, and Latency in Smart Grid

To support the constraints of smart meters—low power and memory—of AMI network, RPL is considered as the most suitable routing protocol to be implemented in practice. Network lifetime, PDR, and latency are the critical issues to be focused on and addressed. Generally, single parent selection scheme cannot satisfy all expected performance requirements of RPL based on AMI network due to tradeoff between workload balancing and transmission performance, PDR and latency. Moreover, the single parent also suffers from the package size and transmission range. Then, multiparent solution is proposed to overcome these demerits using multipath transmission strategy. Although the existing multiparent solutions, MELT and MAHP, overcome the issue of transmission performance, they present low network lifetime since multiparent solution consumes high energy in data transmission. In this paper, we propose an “empowered hybrid parent selection (EHPS)” that exploits the merits of multiparent solution and the single parent with cognitive radio technology in a hybridizing scheme. To split the data packet efficiently under multipath transmission strategy, a fuzzy AHP (FAHP) is adopted; therefore, EHPS balances the workload effectively and maximizes the network lifetime over long transmission range and large data size. Moreover, by exploiting cognitive radio, EHPS is flexible to the transmission range and data size since it achieves the highest transmission performance, highest PDR, and lowest latency among others, while maintaining high network lifetime.

Data Transmission in the X-Ray Emission Frequency Range of Electromagnetic Radiation

Introduction. Data transmission systems using the X-ray frequency range of electromagnetic radiation – X-ray communication system (XCS) have a number of advantages in comparison with radio or optical communication systems. The most significant advantages for practical use are their higher stealth and external interferences resistance, as well as stability against interception and decryption. It is of importance to develop a method for calculating the main parameters of an X-ray communication system: the range and speed of data transmission. In addition, the construction design and results of experimental research of the current X-ray communication system should be provided.Aim. To develop physical and technical foundations of data transmission systems using the X-ray frequency range of electromagnetic radiation.Materials and methods. We used an original method of calculating the X-ray emission spectrum, taking into account the attenuation coefficient in the propagation medium.Results. A technique for data transmission using the X-ray frequency range of electromagnetic radiation was suggested, including a method for calculating basic parameters e.g. the transmission range and speed, as well as the construction design of the current X-ray communication system model. Relations between these parameters and the operating modes of the X-ray tube were shown. The calculated and experimental data were in good agreement, sufficient for practical use. On their basis, it can be expected that at a voltage across the X-ray tube of 200 kV and the tube current of 1A in a 1-μs pulse, data transmission range in free air will be about 250 m. The maximum possible data transmission rate when using the developed X-ray tube will be 5 Mbit/s.Conclusions. The results of analytical and experimental investigations showed that the range and rate of data transmission of the XCS are exclusively determined by the transmitter energetic capabilities: by voltage and average the X-ray tube current during the generation of packages (series) of the X-ray pulses, as well as by the duration of a single X-ray pulse. It is concluded that the prospects of XCS depend on the development of specialized X-ray sources generating a series of pulses with the minimum possible duration of every single pulse in a series. Taking into account the specific features, XCS can become an alternative to conventional radio and optical systems for communication and navigation.