scholarly journals Agreement among Four Prevalence Metrics for Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Eastern Region of Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Claire Kosinski ◽  
Alexandra V. Kulinkina ◽  
David Tybor ◽  
Dickson Osabutey ◽  
Kwabena M. Bosompem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Disease Monitoring ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Urogenital Schistosomiasis ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Few studies assess agreement amongSchistosoma haematobiumeggs, measured hematuria, and self-reported metrics. We assessed agreement among four metrics at a single time point and analyzed the stability of infection across two time points with a single metric. We used data from the Eastern Region of Ghana and constructed logistic regression models. Girls reporting macrohematuria were 4.1 times more likely to have measured hematuria than girls not reporting macrohematuria (CI95%: 2.1–7.9); girls who swim were 3.6 times more likely to have measured hematuria than nonswimmers (CI95%: 1.6–7.9). For boys, neither self-reported metric was predictive. Girls with measured hematuria in 2010 were 3.3 times more likely to be positive in 2012 (CI95%: 1.01–10.5), but boys showed no association. Boys with measured hematuria in 2008 were 6.0 times more likely to have measured hematuria in 2009 (CI95%: 1.5–23.9) and those with eggs in urine in 2008 were 4.8 times more likely to have eggs in urine in 2009 (CI95%: 1.2–18.8). For girls, measured hematuria in 2008 predicted a positive test in 2009 (OR = 2.8; CI95%: 1.1–6.8), but egg status did not. Agreement between dipstick results and eggs suggests continued dipstick used is appropriate. Self-reported swimming should be further examined. For effective disease monitoring, we recommend annual dipstick testing.

scholarly journals Are dietary patterns stable throughout early and mid-childhood? A birth cohort study

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Northstone ◽  
Pauline M. Emmett
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Component Scores ◽  
Level Of Agreement ◽  
Time Point

This study assesses the stability of dietary patterns obtained using principal components analysis (PCA) through early to mid-childhood. Dietary data were collected from children in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). Frequency of consumption of a range of food items was recorded by mothers using self-completion postal questionnaires when their children were 3, 4, 7 and 9 years of age. Dietary patterns were identified using PCA and component scores were calculated at each time-point. In total 6177 children had data available at all four time-points. Three patterns were consistently seen across time: the ‘processed’, ‘traditional’ and ‘health conscious’ patterns. At 3 years an additional ‘snack’ pattern was obtained and at 9 years the ‘health conscious’ pattern was slightly modified (meat products were negatively associated). High correlations were evident for all three scores between each pair of time-points. The widest limits of agreement were seen for all pairings between the 3 and 9 years data, whilst the narrowest were seen between the 4 and 7 years data. A reasonable level of agreement was seen with the categorised component scores from each time-point of data (κ ranging from 0·28 to 0·47). Virtually identical dietary patterns were obtained at the ages of 4 and 7; however, periods of change were apparent between the ages of 3 and 4 and the ages of 7 and 9. It is important to make regular dietary assessments during childhood in order to assess accurately the effects of diet on future health outcomes.

Pain as a Risk Factor for Loneliness Among Older Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1450-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Emerson ◽  
Ian Boggero ◽  
Glenn Ostir ◽  
Jayani Jayawardhana
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Time Point

Objective: The objective of this is to examine whether pain is associated with the onset of loneliness in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We used data from the 2008 and 2012 Health and Retirement Study. We limited the sample to community-dwelling persons aged 60 years and over who were not lonely in 2008 in order to predict the risk of onset of loneliness (incidence) in 2012. Our analytic sample included 1,563 observations. Results: Approximately 31.7% of participants reported loneliness at follow-up (2012). Logistic regression models showed that the odds of loneliness onset was 1.58 higher for those with pain at both time points, compared with those who had pain at neither time point, even after controlling for other covariates. Discussion: The results indicate that pain may increase the risk of loneliness in older adults. This suggests that appropriate pain interventions could prevent future loneliness, which in turn could prevent functional decline, disability, and premature mortality.

scholarly journals Longitudinal pathways between emotional difficulties and school absenteeism in middle childhood: Evidence from developmental cascades

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Margarita Panayiotou ◽  
Katie Finning ◽  
Alexandra Hennessey ◽  
Tamsin Ford ◽  
Neil Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Emotional Difficulties ◽  
School Absenteeism ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Time Points ◽  
School Absence ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Emotional difficulties are associated with both authorized and unauthorized school absence, but there has been little longitudinal research and the temporal nature of these associations remains unclear. This study presents three-wave random-intercepts panel models of longitudinal reciprocal relationships between teacher-reported emotional difficulties and authorized and unauthorized school absence in 2,542 English children aged 6 to 9 years old at baseline, who were followed-up annually. Minor differences in the stability effects were observed between genders but only for the authorized absence model. Across all time points, children with greater emotional difficulties had more absences, and vice versa (authorized: ρ = .23–.29, p < .01; unauthorized: ρ = .28, p < .01). At the within-person level, concurrent associations showed that emotional difficulties were associated with greater authorized (β = .15–.17, p < .01) absence at Time 3 only, but with less unauthorized (β = −.08–.13, p < .05) absence at Times 1 and 2. In cross-lagged pathways, neither authorized nor unauthorized absence predicted later emotional difficulties, and emotional difficulties did not predict later authorized absence at any time point. However, greater emotional difficulties were associated with fewer unauthorized absences across time (β = −13–.22, p < .001). The implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals 1398. β-Lactam Probability of Target Attainment (PTA) and Penetration into Epithelial Lining Fluid (ELF) Based on Multiple Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Sampling Time Points in a Swine Pneumonia Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S430-S430
Author(s):  
Ana Motos ◽  
Joseph L Kuti ◽  
Gianluigi Li Bassi ◽  
Antoni Torres ◽  
David P Nicolau
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Target Attainment ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Grant Recipient ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background Defining ELF concentrations is desired for antibiotics developed for pneumonia. For ethical reasons, BAL sampling in humans is routinely done at a single time point, thereby creating ambiguity in the precise ELF profile. It is unknown if additional sampling of the ELF would lead to more accurate estimates of exposure. The swine pneumonia model was used to characterize the full ELF profiles (5-BAL) of two β-lactams for comparison with models employing 1-BAL (1B) and 2-BAL (2B) sampling time points only. Methods Sixteen ventilated swine were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to establish pneumonia and then treated for 72 hours with ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) 50 mg/kg q8h (n = 8) or piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) 200 mg/kg q8h (n = 8). Plasma and BAL concentrations were measured in each swine at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after the first dose. Urea correction was used to calculate ELF values. Ceftolozane and piperacillin plasma and ELF data were fitted to a two compartment model using the nonparametric adaptive grid program in Pmetrics. Hypothetical models were refitted after randomly selecting either 1B or 2B sampling time points from each swine. A 5,000 subject Monte-Carlo simulation was performed for each model to define PTA (60% free time above the MIC) and ELF penetration [area under the curve in ELF (AUCELF) vs. free AUCplasma]. The KS-test was used to analyze distribution differences, reporting maximum vertical deviation (D) as percent difference; D &lt; 20% was defined as negligible. Results Thirty-two C/T and 34 TZP plasma samples and 29 and 32 BAL samples were available for the full model, respectively; 1B and 2B sampling models used eight and 16 BAL samples. All models adequately fitted the data. C/T PTA at 4 mg/L was 94.8, 96.1, and 98.0%, for the full, 1B and 2B models. TZP PTA at 16 mg/L was 55.8, 46.8, and 46.7%, respectively. C/T median [interquartile range] penetration differences were negligible between the full (65% [25––109]) and 1B (72% [45––125], D = 15%) or 2B models (62% [32––111], D = 6%). TZP penetration differences were also minimal between the full (32% [9––67]) and 1B (17% [5––49], D = 18%) or 2B models (27% [9––44], D = 15%). Conclusion These data suggest that antibiotic ELF models constructed from a single BAL time point result in similar exposure estimates to full ELF profiles. Disclosures G. Li Bassi, MSD: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient. A. Torres, MSD: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient.

scholarly journals Stability of creatinine with delayed separation of whole blood and implications for eGFR

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Shepherd ◽  
M H Warner ◽  
E S Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Multiple Blood ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

Background: The stability of creatinine in whole blood is unclear: it is not known if analysis of creatinine in samples with delayed separation could lead to misclassification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods: Multiple blood samples were taken at a single time-point from five individuals and subject to varying time delays prior to centrifugation, after which serum was separated and analysed for creatinine by five different methods. The effect of time delay on eGFR was further investigated by measuring creatinine on duplicate patient samples arriving in the laboratory after immediate and delayed centrifugation. Results: A significant increase in creatinine was seen by 24 h using kinetic Jaffe methods ( P<0.025). Over a period of 31 h creatinine concentration was stable using enzymatic creatinine assays. Using duplicate patient samples, four of 21 patients where specimens were delayed in the laboratory by more than 10 h showed a misclassification of CKD. Conclusion: Delays in sample receipt can lead to significant increases in measured creatinine and misclassification of CKD. Enzymatic creatinine assays are reliable with respect to delayed sample receipt over the time course studied.

scholarly journals Rise in Use of Digital Mental Health Tools and Technologies in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Survey Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dara H Sorkin ◽  
Emily A Janio ◽  
Elizabeth V Eikey ◽  
Margaret Schneider ◽  
Katelyn Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Time Point

BACKGROUND Accompanying the rising rates of reported mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic has been a reported increase in the use of digital technologies to manage health generally, and mental health more specifically. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to systematically examine whether there was a COVID-19 pandemic–related increase in the self-reported use of digital mental health tools and other technologies to manage mental health. METHODS We analyzed results from a survey of 5907 individuals in the United States using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk); the survey was administered during 4 week-long periods in 2020 and survey respondents were from all 50 states and Washington DC. The first set of analyses employed two different logistic regression models to estimate the likelihood of having symptoms indicative of clinical depression and anxiety, respectively, as a function of the rate of COVID-19 cases per 10 people and survey time point. The second set employed seven different logistic regression models to estimate the likelihood of using seven different types of digital mental health tools and other technologies to manage one’s mental health, as a function of symptoms indicative of clinical depression and anxiety, rate of COVID-19 cases per 10 people, and survey time point. These models also examined potential interactions between symptoms of clinical depression and anxiety, respectively, and rate of COVID-19 cases. All models controlled for respondent sociodemographic characteristics and state fixed effects. RESULTS Higher COVID-19 case rates were associated with a significantly greater likelihood of reporting symptoms of depression (odds ratio [OR] 2.06, 95% CI 1.27-3.35), but not anxiety (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.77-1.88). Survey time point, a proxy for time, was associated with a greater likelihood of reporting clinically meaningful symptoms of depression and anxiety (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12-1.27 and OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.19, respectively). Reported symptoms of depression and anxiety were associated with a greater likelihood of using each type of technology. Higher COVID-19 case rates were associated with a significantly greater likelihood of using mental health forums, websites, or apps (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.49-4.88), and other health forums, websites, or apps (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.55-4.34). Time was associated with increased odds of reported use of mental health forums, websites, or apps (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.11-1.30), phone-based or text-based crisis lines (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.10-1.31), and online, computer, or console gaming/video gaming (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.19). Interactions between COVID-19 case rate and mental health symptoms were not significantly associated with any of the technology types. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggested increased use of digital mental health tools and other technologies over time during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, additional effort is urgently needed to consider the quality of these products, either by ensuring users have access to evidence-based and evidence-informed technologies and/or by providing them with the skills to make informed decisions around their potential efficacy.

scholarly journals Effect of implementation of a University Restaurant on the diet of students in a Brazilian public university

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 2351-2360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Maria Périco Perez ◽  
Inês Rugani Ribeiro de Castro ◽  
Daniela Silva Canella ◽  
Amanda da Silva Franco
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Public University ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
The University ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Dietary practices of college students were compared before and after implementation of the University Restaurant (UR) and examined according to frequency of UR use. A natural experiment was conducted with students (n = 1131) of a Brazilian public university using a validated self-completed and identified questionnaire that inquired information on practices of substituting lunch and/or dinner with a snack (≥ 5 days/week) and on regular consumption of foods that were markers of a healthy or unhealthy diet. At the second time point, UR use by students was also assessed based on their attendance to it. Changes in food practices were examined by determining differences in proportions between the two assessments. The analysis of the association between UR use and each dietary practice was carried out using multiple logistic regression models. An association was observed between greater UR use and higher frequency of regular consumption of beans, vegetables, raw vegetables, cooked vegetables and fruit and lower frequency of regular consumption of French fries and/or fried snacks. The UR proved to be an environment that facilitated the adoption of healthy dietary practices and promoted improvement in the diets of the students who were more assiduous to the restaurant.

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