Insulin Resistance and Obesity Affect Lipid Profile in the Salivary Glands

In today’s world wrong nutritional habits together with a low level of physical activity have given rise to the development of obesity and its comorbidity, insulin resistance. More specifically, many researches indicate that lipids are vitally involved in the onset of a peripheral tissue (e.g., skeletal muscle, heart, and liver) insulin resistance. Moreover, it seems that diabetes can also induce changes in respect of lipid composition of both the salivary glands and saliva. However, judging by the number of research articles, the salivary glands lipid profile still has not been sufficiently explored. In the current study we aim to assess the changes in the main lipid fractions, namely, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and diacylglycerols, in the parotid and the submandibular salivary glands of rats exposed to a 5-week high fat diet regimen. We observed that the high caloric fat diet caused a significant change in the salivary glands lipid composition, especially with respect to PH and TG, but not DAG or FFAs, classes. The observed reduction in PH concentration is an interesting phenomenon frequently signifying the atrophy and malfunctions in the saliva secreting organs. On the other hand, the increased accumulation of TG in the glands may be an important clinical manifestation of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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GABA administration improves liver function and insulin resistance in offspring of type 2 diabetic rats

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-02324-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Azadehalsadat Hosseini Dastgerdi ◽

Mohammadreza Sharifi ◽

Nepton Soltani

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Liver Lipid ◽

Liver Glycogen ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Diabetic Control ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Insulin Tolerance ◽

Liver Insulin Resistance

AbstractThis study investigated the role of GABA in attenuating liver insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes parents and reducing its risk in their descendants’ liver. Both sexes’ rats were divided into four groups of non-diabetic control, diabetic control (DC), GABA-treated (GABA), and insulin-treated (Ins). The study duration lasted for six months and the young animals followed for four months. Consequently, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed for all animals. Apart from insulin tolerance test (ITT), serum and liver lipid profile were measured in all groups. Glycogen levels, expression of Foxo1, Irs2, Akt2, and Pepck genes in the liver were assessed for all groups. Overall, GABA improved ITT, increased liver glycogen levels and decreased lipid profile, blood glucose level, and HbA1c in parents and their offspring in compared to the DC group. GIR also increased in both parents and their offspring by GABA. Moreover, the expression of Foxo1, Irs2, Akt2, and Pepck genes improved in GABA-treated parents and their descendants in compared to DC group. Results indicated that GABA reduced liver IR in both parents and their offspring via affecting their liver insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis pathways.

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Correlation Between Lipid Profile with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Progression

JIMKI: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia ◽

10.53366/jimki.v8i2.131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 66-72

Author(s):

Angiesta Pinakesty ◽

Restu Noor Azizah

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Type 2 Dm ◽

Hba1c Levels

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease that has increased from year to year. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is not caused by lack of insulin secretion, but is caused by the failure of the body's cells to respond to the hormone insulin (insulin resistance). Insulin resistance was found to be a major contributor to atherogenic dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia in DM risks 2 to 4 times higher than non-DM. Although dyslipidemia has a great risk for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, this conventional risk factor only explains a portion (25%) of excess cardiovascular risk in type 2 DM. Discussion: In uncontrolled type 2 DM patients, LDL oxidation occurs faster which results from an increase in chronic blood glucose levels. Glycemic control as a determinant of DM progressivity is determined through HbA1c examination. HbA1c levels are associated with blood triglyceride levels. Meanwhile, triglyceride levels are associated with total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels. HbA1c levels are also associated with LDL cholesterol levels. Conclusion: There is a relationship between lipid profile and the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, HbA1c, glycemic control, lipid profile

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Comparative Effects of Curcumin versus Nano-Curcumin on Insulin Resistance, Serum Levels of Apelin and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Targets and Therapy ◽

10.2147/dmso.s247351 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol Volume 13 ◽

pp. 2337-2346 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ali Shamsi-Goushki ◽

Zinat Mortazavi ◽

Mohammad Ali Mirshekar ◽

Mahdi Mohammadi ◽

Nasroallah Moradi-Kor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Value of simple clinical parameters to predict insulin resistance among newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes in limited resource settings

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248469 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0248469

Author(s):

Keddagoda Gamage Piyumi Wasana ◽

Anoja Priyadarshani Attanayake ◽

Thilak Priyantha Weerarathna ◽

Kamani Ayoma Perera Wijewardana Jayatilaka

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Limited Resource ◽

Small Sample ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Newly Diagnosed

Background Insulin resistance (IR) has been considered as a therapeutic target in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Readily available, simple and low cost measures to identify individuals with IR is of utmost importance for clinicians to plan optimal management strategies. Research on the associations between surrogate markers of IR and routine clinical and lipid parameters have not been carried out in Sri Lanka, a developing country with rising burden of T2DM with inadequate resources. Therefore, we aimed to study the utility of readily available clinical parameters such as age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) in the fasting lipid profile in predicting IR in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed T2DM in Sri Lanka. Methods and findings We conducted a community based cross sectional study involving of 147 patients (age 30–60 years) with newly diagnosed T2DM in a suburban locality in Galle district, Sri Lanka. Data on age, BMI, WC, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration, fasting insulin concentration and serum lipid profile were collected from each subject. The indirect IR indices namely homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and McAuley index (MCA) were estimated. Both clinical and biochemical parameters across the lowest and the highest fasting insulin quartiles were compared using independent sample t-test. Linear correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlation between selected clinical parameters and indirect IR indices. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained to calculate optimal cut-off values for the clinical markers to differentiate IR. BMI (p<0.001) and WC (p = 0.01) were significantly increased whereas age (p = 0.06) was decreased and TG/HDL-C (p = 0.28) was increased across the insulin quartiles. BMI and WC were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with HOMA, QUICKI and MCA. Out of the clinical parameters, age showed a borderline significant correlation with QUICKI and TG/HDL-C showed a significant correlation only with MCA. The area under ROC of BMI was 0.728 (95% CI 0.648–0.809; p<0.001) and for WC, it was 0.646 (95% CI 0.559–0.734; p = 0.003). The optimized cut-off value for BMI and WC were 24.91 kg/m2 and 81.5 cm respectively to differentiate the patients with IR or ID. Study limitations include small sample size due to recruitment of patients only from a limited geographical locality of the country and not totally excluding of the possibility of inclusion of some patients with slowly progressive type 1 DM or Latent onset diabetes of adulthood from the study population. Conclusions The results revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between BMI, WC and HOMA while a significant negative correlation with QUICKI and MCA among the cohort of patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. The cut-off values of BMI and WC as 24.91 kg/m2 and 81.5 cm respectively could be used as simple clinical parameters to identify IR in newly diagnosed patients with T2DM. Our results could be beneficial in rational decision making in the management of newly diagnosed patients with T2DM in limited resource settings.

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Effects of Ginger Powder Supplementation on Glycemic Status and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa052.053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

M H Elgayar ◽

M M M Mahdy ◽

N A Ibrahim ◽

M H Abdelhafiz

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Beta Cell Function ◽

Cell Function ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Glycemic Status ◽

Ginger Powder ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Diabetes is a huge problem affecting 387 million adults by a global prevalence of (8.3%) which is expected to rise to (10.1%) affecting 592 million adults by 2035. Type 2 diabetes, a growing public health problem, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Purpose To evaluate the effects of ginger powder supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profile, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in obese Egyptian patients with new-onset type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Patients and Methods This study was conducted at the Diabetes outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology (NIDE) during the period from January 2016 to January 2017. Study Design A randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, was performed on 80 subjects newly diagnosed with T2DM. Subjects were randomly & equally subdivided into two groups: Group 1: Ginger Group (GG), which consumed three capsules daily, each capsule containing: 600-mg of ginger powder (total daily dose was 1.8 g), they also underwent certain diet and physical activity changes, and also received metformin as one 850-mg tablet twice a day with meals for a duration of 8 weeks.Group 2: Placebo Group (PG), which received capsules of the same color, size, and number as (Group 1) but containing wheat flour, they also underwent the same diet, physical activity, and metformin dosage as (Group 1) during the 8 weeks of the study. Results Ginger powder supplementation significantly reduced body mass index, fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA2-IR). Ginger also significantly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, beta cell function index (HOMA2-%β), and insulin sensitivity index (HOMA2-%S). Conclusion Ginger is considered a safe and effective adjuvant antidiabetic agent in treatment of T2DM; improving glycemic status, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and promoting weight loss.

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