scholarly journals Ingroup/Outgroup Attitudes and Group Evaluations: The Role of Competition in British Classroom Settings

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia L. Lam ◽  
Jodi-Ann Seaton
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Negative Bias ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Minimal Group ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup ◽  
Two Age Groups

Children’s intergroup bias is one of the consequences of their readiness to categorise people into ingroups and outgroups, even when groups are assigned arbitrarily. The present study examined the influence of intergroup competition on children’s ingroup and outgroup attitudes developed within the minimal-group setting in British classrooms. One hundred and twelve children in two age groups (6-7- and 9-10-year-olds) were assessed on classification skills and self-esteem before being allocated to one of two colour “teams.” In the experimental condition, children were told that the teams would have a competition after two weeks and teachers made regular use of these teams to organise activities. In the control condition, where no competition ensued, teachers did not refer to “teams.” Then children completed trait attributions to their own-team (ingroup) and other-team (outgroup) members and group evaluations. It was found that children developed positive ingroup bias across conditions, but outgroup negative bias was shown only by 6-7-year-olds in the experimental condition, particularly if they lost the competition, where they evaluated their team more critically. Better classification skills were associated with less negativity towards the outgroup in the experimental condition. Findings are discussed in relation to relevant theoretical premises and particulars of the intergroup context.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of rabbits with a recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) gI, gE and US9-negative

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra D'Avila Silva ◽  
Ana Cláudia Franco ◽  
Paulo Augusto Esteves ◽  
Fernando Rosado Spilki ◽  
Paulo Michel Roehe
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Viral Genes ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 5 ◽  
Two Age Groups

Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is a major cause of viral meningoencephalitis in cattle. The expression of different viral proteins has been associated with BoHV-5 neuropathogenesis. Among these, gI, gE and US9 have been considered essential for the production of neurological disease in infected animals. To evaluate the role of gI, gE and US9 in neurovirulence, a recombinant from which the respective genes were deleted (BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9-) was constructed and inoculated in rabbits of two age groups (four and eight weeks-old). When the recombinant virus was inoculated through the paranasal sinuses of four weeks-old rabbits, neurological disease was observed and death was the outcome in 4 out of 13 (30.7 %) animals, whereas clinical signs and death were observed in 11/13 (84.6%) of rabbits infected with the parental virus. In eight weeks-old rabbits, the BoHV-5 gI-/gE-/US9- did not induce clinically apparent disease and could not be reactivated after dexamethasone administration, whereas wild type BoHV-5 caused disease in 55.5% of the animals and was reactivated. These findings reveal that the simultaneous deletion of gI, gE and US9 genes did reduce but did not completely abolish the neurovirulence of BoHV-5 in rabbits, indicating that other viral genes may also play a role in the induction of neurological disease.

scholarly journals Do demand characteristics contribute to minimal ingroup preferences?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Brew ◽  
Taylar Clark ◽  
Jordan Feingold-Link ◽  
Hilary Barth
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Minimal Group ◽  
Group Condition ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Potential Demand ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup ◽  
Ingroup Preferences ◽  
Experimental Demand

“Minimal group” paradigms investigate social preferences arising from mere group membership. We asked whether demand characteristics contribute to children’s apparent minimal group bias in a preregistered experiment (N = 160). In a “group” condition, we attempted to replicate findings of bias following assignment to minimal groups. A second closely-matched “no-group” condition retained potential demand characteristics while removing group assignment. Parallel bias in the no-group condition would suggest that demand characteristics contribute to findings of apparent ingroup bias. Three main findings emerged. First, in the group condition, ingroup preference emerged in one of three bias measures only. Second, this preference emerged although participants evaluated ingroup/outgroup photos varying in race/ethnicity between trials. Third, the measure that yielded ingroup preferences in the group condition produced no parallel bias in the no-group condition, consistent with the view that mere membership in a group, not experimental demand, leads to minimal ingroup preferences.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations of Aneurismal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
Subash Kanti Dey ◽  
Shakir Husain ◽  
Lipy Bakshi ◽  
Sukla Dey ◽  
Mithun Kumar Bakshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Definite Diagnosis ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Two Age Groups

Background: Rupture of aneurysm is a vascular events, it is assumed that season exerts an influence in the incidence of rupture of aneurysm. But seasonal variation on the aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASAH) is a subject of controversy. Some previous studies reported that changes in the biometric pressure in different season modulate the occurrence of vascular events. Aims: To evaluate the role of seasons of a year on the onset of aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (ASAH). Methodology: This is a retrospective study. There were 377 patients with definite diagnosis of ASAH. Patients were evaluated in two age groups of >60 and less than 60. Results: The frequency of ASAH in winter and autumn was 55.4% and spring and summer was 44.6%% respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p>o.o5). The effect of hypertension and diabetes mellitus revealed no influence on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in our study. Conclusion: There was influence of seasonal variation on the onset of ASAH and which was predominantly during winter and autumn. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2013; Vol. 29 (1) : 15-17

Inequality in the minimal group paradigm: How relative wealth and its justification influence ingroup bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Robert Connor ◽  
Daniel Stancato ◽  
Ugur Yildirim ◽  
Serena CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Minimal Group Paradigm ◽  
Financial Decision Making ◽  
Minimal Group ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
Moderating Role

This article details a registered report for a well-powered (N = 1500) experiment examining the influence of wealth inequality between groups on ingroup bias, as well as the potential moderating role of justification for the wealth distribution. Using the Minimal Group Paradigm, in which participants are assigned to groups with anonymous others and asked to allocate resources to ingroup or outgroup members, we randomly assigned participants to a relatively disadvantaged or a relatively advantaged group. Group assignments were ostensibly based on chance (weak justification), performance on a financial decision-making task (strong justification), or an ambiguous combination of the two (ambiguous justification). As expected, we found evidence for an inequity aversion hypothesis, with disadvantaged participants displaying heightened ingroup bias compared to their advantaged counterparts. Interestingly, however, our predictions regarding the moderating role of justification were not supported, with disadvantaged participants displaying the highest ingroup bias when the inequality was ambiguously justified. We discuss implications of these results for understanding the causal factors underlying ingroup bias.

Comparison of Static Perspective Views and 2D Maps – the Role of Age, Spatial Abilities, and Task Nature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Hermann ◽  
Martina Faltejsková ◽  
Zdeněk Stachoň
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Thematic Maps ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Two Age Groups ◽  
And Task

In this study, we focus on the usability of pseudo-3D thematic maps (static perspective views) compared with their conventional 2D equivalents. A total of 105 study participants were divided into two groups (12–19 years old and 20–27 years old). A Perspective Taking Test measured their spatial abilities and each participant solved 15 tasks using four thematic maps. We compared map variants to determine which is more suitable for individual tasks. We then examined the differences between the two age groups and tried to find any relationship between the user’s spatial abilities and the number of correct answers. We observed a significant difference regarding the map’s visualization dimension only in one particular task and significant differences between the age groups when they worked with 2D maps. We found a positive correlation between the participant’s level of spatial ability and the number of correct answers.

LOW SELF-ESTEEM AND INGROUP BIAS

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Aberson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Collective Self ◽  
Collective Self Esteem ◽  
Self Consistency

This study examines the effect of collective self-esteem on ingroup bias exhibited through traditional measures (attributions) and alternative strategies (basking in reflected glory). Seventyseven U.S. college students were divided into minimally defined groups, worked together on a series of tasks, received performance feedback, completed the Collective Self-esteem scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and then rated similarity to both groups and attributed performances to a variety of causes. It was predicted and found that low self-esteem individuals utilized basking in reflected glory more than individuals with higher self-esteem. Additionally, high self-esteem individuals exhibited greater bias through use of attributional ratings. Results are interpreted as evidence for the mediating role of self-consistency needs on ingroup bias strategies (e.g. Brown, Collins, & Schmidt, 1988).

The Effects of Age on the Rate of Learning a Second Language

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina R. Slavoff ◽  
Jacqueline S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Lengths Of Stay ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Two Age Groups

The present study evaluates the role of age on the rate of acquiring English as a second language in an immersion setting. Subjects were children with native languages typologically very different from English. The children arrived in the United States between the ages of 7 and 12 years and were tested on their knowledge of English grammatical morphology and syntax at different lengths of stay in the United States, ranging from 6 months to 3 years. Subjects' performance was predicted by the length of their stay in the United States and by gender, with females outperforming males. Age of arrival played no role in predicting subjects' rate of acquisition. Performance was very similar between two age groups examined (7–9– and 10–12-year-old arrivals) throughout the 3 years measured. The present results suggest that, on certain aspects of grammar, different-aged children acquire a second language during the first 3 years of acquisition at similar rates when their native language is very different in typology from the target language.

Role of cyclins D1 and D3 in vestibular schwannoma

2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (S1) ◽  
pp. S2-S10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Jabbour ◽  
P Earls ◽  
N Biggs ◽  
G Gracie ◽  
P Fagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular Schwannoma ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vestibular Schwannomas ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Cyclin D ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Two Age Groups

AbstractBackground:Vestibular schwannomas in younger patients have been observed to be larger in size and grow more quickly.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the expression of three important cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1, cyclin D3and Ki-67, in vestibular schwannoma patients separated into two age groups: ≤40 years or >40 years.Method:Immunohistochemical detection of cyclin D1, cyclin D3and Ki-67 was undertaken in 180 surgically resected vestibular schwannomas.Results:The proliferation index of vestibular schwannomas was statistically higher in the ≤40 years age group compared to that in the >40 years age group (mean of 4.52vs3.27, respectively;p = 0.01). Overexpression of cyclin D1and cyclin D3was found in 68 per cent and 44 per cent of tumours, respectively.Conclusion:There was an increased Ki-67 proliferation index in the younger age group that appears to correlate with clinical behaviour. Vestibular schwannomas in both age groups show increased expression of cyclin D1and cyclin D3.

Feedback in Meertalige Kleutergroepen

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Marty van Rijen
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Feedback Strategies ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Two Age Groups

In the second-language classroom the teacher determines to a high degree the input and feedback L2-learners receive. Feedback informs learners of the accuracy of their production, after which they may alter their hypotheses about the target language. The role of feedback has been investigated from different theoretical points of view and there has been some research on its effect. However, most of these studies concern adults; hardly any research has focused on young children. In this article, I will discuss some of the literature about which feedback strategies are suitable for the SLA by non-native children in kindergarten. I will also summarize the results of the analysis of 18 lessons in kindergarten groups in which more than 90% of the children are non-native speakers, to determine which strategies teachers actually use. I will compare twelve different teachers, two age groups, two different vocabulary methods and two kinds of lessons.

LEISURE IN THE STRUCTURE OF VIABILITY OF TWO GENERATIONS OF MUSCOVITES

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Tatyana P. Emelyanova ◽  
◽  
Semyon V. Tarasov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The City ◽  
Two Age Groups

The article is devoted to comparing the preferred leisure activity of the two age groups of Muscovites and to identifying the connection of these preferences with other socio-psychological parameters of their viability. The sample consisted of 258 respondents with two age groups: 158 aged 18-35 and 100 aged 61-84. Methods were used: value orientations, author’s questionnaires of preferences for leisure activity, social responsibility, evaluation of positive and negative perception of urban environment, «scale of urban identity» M. Lalli. It is found that leisure choices are characterized by entertainment in both groups, but its cultural and educational appearance – visiting exhibitions, museums, theatres – is more characteristic of the older generation. Young people are more likely to engage in leisure activities such as cafés, bars, restaurants, shopping and extreme entertainment, which are related to the stress of the city. The role of positive perception of the city – city holidays, etc. - in the choice of leisure activities is noted. A lack of internal responsibility among young people may be related both to a lack of time, to a general hedonic focus of leisure, and to a lack of confidence in their ability to influence urban solutions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document