Morphological and Biochemical Effects on the Skeletal Muscle of Ovariectomized Old Female Rats Submitted to the Intake of Diets with Vegetable or Animal Protein and Resistance Training

Introduction. Sarcopenia is a process characterized by reduction in protein mass and muscle strength with increasing age, especially in the postmenopausal period, resulting in functional limitations and with great impact on the physical autonomy of the elderly.Objective. To evaluate the effects of diets with vegetable proteins (VP) or animal proteins (AP) associated with resistance training (RT) on the structural and biochemical parameters of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in Wistar rats with sarcopenia.Methods. An experimental model with ovariectomized rats was used to induce sarcopenia and resistance training. The histochemical technique was used for the typing of muscle fibers, the cross-sectional area of myocytes, and volume densities of myocytes and interstitium; the technique of Picrosirius stain was used to highlight the collagen fibers.Results. The VP diet was not able to minimize the effects of sarcopenia in the medial gastrocnemius of sedentary animals and when associated with RT, it promoted maintenance of the CSA, attenuating the atrophy of type IIB fibers in the medial gastrocnemius. The AP diet in sedentary animals protected the type I fibers. When combined with RT, the AP promoted muscle remodeling, with reduction in volume density of type I and IIA fibers, and increase of IIB fibers, together with an increase in collagen volume density.Conclusion. The data suggest a tendency to better results of hypertrophy in animal groups that consumed the AP diet, even the sedentary animals, although more evident in those trained.

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Effects of Short-Term Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Morphology in the Elderly

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.8.4.312 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 312-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David E.T. O’Neill ◽

Robert E. Thayer ◽

Albert W. Taylor ◽

Tomasz M. Dzialoszynski ◽

Earl G. Noble

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Fiber Type ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Peak Torque ◽

The Elderly ◽

Type I ◽

Fiber Types ◽

Short Term ◽

Mean Power ◽

Cross Sectional

Ten moderately active participants (8 women, 2 men; mean age 66.3 ± 1.2 years), engaged in 8 weeks of isotonic knee-extensor resistance training. Afterward, peak torque output (180°/s) and mean power increased 30.8% and 27.2%, respectively, in the experimental limb (EL). A moderate, nonsignificant cross-over training effect was observed in the contralateral untrained limb (CL) for the same measures. Whereas mean fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) was unaltered in the CL by training. Fiber Types I and lib in the EL displayed increased CSA. However, mean CSAs for all fiber types in the trained EL were no larger (p > .05) than those observed in the CL before or after training. There were no significant changes in muscle-fiber-type composition, the proportion of Type I myosin heavy chain, or Type Ha CSA. These data suggest that short-term resistance training can significantly increase isokinctic peak torque in the elderly, with minimal changes in the histochemical and biochemical parameters examined.

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Mechanical stimulation of the plantar foot surface attenuates soleus muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb unloading in rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00771.2004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 739-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Antonios Kyparos ◽

Daniel L. Feeback ◽

Charles S. Layne ◽

Daniel A. Martinez ◽

Mark S. F. Clarke

Keyword(s):

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Soleus Muscle ◽

Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽

Hindlimb Unloading ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Type I ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Plantar Surface ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle

Unloading-induced muscle atrophy occurs in the aging population, bed-ridden patients, and astronauts. This study was designed to determine whether dynamic foot stimulation (DFS) applied to the plantar surface of the rat foot can serve as a countermeasure to soleus muscle atrophy normally observed in hindlimb unloaded (HU) rats. Forty-four mature (6 mo old), male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to ambulatory control, HU alone, HU with active DFS (i.e., plantar contact with active inflation), HU with passive DFS (i.e., plantar contact without active inflation), and HU while wearing a DFS boot with no plantar contact groups. Application of active DFS during HU significantly counteracted the atrophic response by preventing ∼85% of the reduction in type I myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) in the soleus while preventing ∼57% of the reduction in type I myofiber CSA and 43% of the reduction in type IIA myofiber CSA of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Wearing of a DFS boot without active inflation prevented myofiber atrophy in the soleus of HU animals in a fashion similar to that observed in HU animals that wore an actively inflated DFS boot. However, when a DFS boot without plantar surface contact was worn during HU, no significant protection from HU-induced myofiber atrophy was observed. These results illustrate that the application of mechanical foot stimulation to the plantar surface of the rat foot is an effective countermeasure to muscle atrophy induced by HU.

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Size and metabolic properties of fibers in rat fast-twitch muscles after hindlimb suspension

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2348 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 62 (6) ◽

pp. 2348-2357 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

R. R. Roy ◽

M. A. Bello ◽

P. Bouissou ◽

V. R. Edgerton

Keyword(s):

Fiber Type ◽

Female Rats ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Hindlimb Suspension ◽

Staining Reaction ◽

Fiber Types ◽

Image Analysis System ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽

Metabolic Marker

Hindlimb suspension (HS) results in whole muscle atrophic and metabolic changes that vary in magnitude in different hindlimb muscles. The present study was designed to investigate these effects in single fibers. Fiber type and size and the activities of two metabolic marker enzymes were determined in a deep (close to the bone) and a superficial (away from the bone) region of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the tibialis anterior (TA) of control (CON) and 28-day HS adult female rats. Fibers were classified as dark or light adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) based on their qualitative staining reaction for myosin ATPase following alkaline preincubation. Fiber area and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activities were determined in tissue sections by use of an image analysis system. After 28 days of HS, the mean body weights of the CON and HS were similar. MG atrophied 28%, whereas TA weight was maintained in the HS. Both dark and light ATPase fibers in the deep region of the MG had smaller cross-sectional areas following HS, with the atrophic response being approximately twice as great in the light ATPase fibers. No significant changes in fiber type composition in either muscle or in fiber sizes in the superficial region of the MG or in either region of the TA were observed. Mean SDH activities of both fiber types were significantly lower in the MG and TA following HS. In contrast, mean GPD activities were either increased or maintained in light and dark ATPase fibers of both muscles in HS. Changes in SDH and GPD activity could not be directly linked to changes in fiber cross-sectional area. In summary, these data suggest an independence of the mechanisms determining muscle fiber size and metabolic adaptations associated with HS.

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Effect of acute nutritional deprivation on diaphragm structure and function

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1990.68.5.1938 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 1938-1944 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

M. I. Lewis ◽

G. C. Sieck

Keyword(s):

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Muscle Fibers ◽

Medial Gastrocnemius ◽

Fatigue Properties ◽

Muscle Stimulation ◽

Type I ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutritional Deprivation ◽

Nerve Muscle

The influence of 90 h of acute nutritional deprivation (ND) on the cross-sectional areas of muscle fibers and the contractile and fatigue properties of the adult rat diaphragm were determined. Isometric contractile properties and fatigue resistance of the diaphragm were measured by means of an in vitro nerve-muscle strip preparation. Contractions were evoked by using phrenic nerve stimulation (left hemidiaphragm) or direct muscle stimulation (right hemidiaphragm) in the presence of curare. Acute ND resulted in a 20% reduction in body weight. No significant decrements in diaphragm or soleus weights were noted in the ND animals compared with controls (CTL), whereas the weight of the medial gastrocnemius was reduced by 20% in the ND animals. Peak twitch and tetanic tensions (normalized for the weight of the diaphragm strip) were not reduced in ND compared with CTL animals after either nerve or muscle stimulation. The fatigue index of the diaphragm was significantly reduced in ND animals only after nerve stimulation. After the fatigue test, there was rapid recovery of the additional fatigue noted with nerve stimulation. The proportions of type I and II muscle fibers of the diaphragm were similar in the CTL and ND animals. No differences in diaphragm cross-sectional areas were noted for either type I or II muscle fibers in the CTL and ND animals. It is concluded that acute ND has no effect on diaphragm contractility or morphometry and only an inconsequential influence on diaphragm fatigue.

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Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Disability and Functional Limitation among Elderly Rural Population in Nigeria

Journal of Aging Research ◽

10.4061/2011/369894 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

I. S. Abdulraheem ◽

A. R. Oladipo ◽

M. O. Amodu

Keyword(s):

Physical Disability ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Functional Limitations ◽

Functional Limitation ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Female Gender ◽

The Elderly ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

Background. The number of people surviving into old age is increasing, and it has now become a global phenomenon. Studies on the prevalence and correlates of physical disability and functional limitation among elderly Nigerians are scanty.Methodology. This is a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in 3 local government areas (LGAs) in Nigeria, using a multistage sampling technique. Functional limitations of 1824 elderly persons were tested using Tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment tool (TPOMAT) and self-reported activities of daily living (ADL). ADL disability of ten, six, and five basic items were compared.Results. The prevalence ratios (PRs) of physical disability using the ten, six, and five basic ADL items were 28.3 (95% CI 25.2–31. 5), 15.7 (95% CI 13.4–19.8), and 12.1 (95% CI 9.8–15.3), respectively, while functional limitation was 22.5 (95% CI 18.1–24.4). Increased risk of disability was independently associated with female gender PR 3.6 (95% CI 1.5–7.4), advanced age ≥75 years; PR 22.2 (95% CI 14.5, 36.8), arthritis PR 3.7 (95% CI 2.6–4.6), stroke PR 4.8 (95% CI 3.7–7.9) and diabetes PR 6.1 (95% CI 4.3–7.1).Conclusions. The findings from this study are pointers to unmet needs of the elderly disabled Nigerians.

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Changes in the human muscle force-velocity relationship in response to resistance training and subsequent detraining

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 87-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Lars L. Andersen ◽

Jesper L. Andersen ◽

S. Peter Magnusson ◽

Charlotte Suetta ◽

Jørgen L. Madsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Limb Movement ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Contractile Properties ◽

Type I ◽

Maximal Velocity ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Muscle Cross Sectional Area

Previous studies show that cessation of resistance training, commonly known as “detraining,” is associated with strength loss, decreased neural drive, and muscular atrophy. Detraining may also increase the expression of fast muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. The present study examined the effect of detraining subsequent to resistance training on contractile performance during slow-to-medium velocity isokinetic muscle contraction vs. performance of maximal velocity “unloaded” limb movement (i.e., no external loading of the limb). Maximal knee extensor strength was measured in an isokinetic dynamometer at 30 and 240°/s, and performance of maximal velocity limb movement was measured with a goniometer during maximal unloaded knee extension. Muscle cross-sectional area was determined with MRI. Electromyographic signals were measured in the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Twitch contractions were evoked in the passive vastus lateralis muscle. MHC isoform composition was determined with SDS-PAGE. Isokinetic muscle strength increased 18% ( P < 0.01) and 10% ( P < 0.05) at slow and medium velocities, respectively, along with gains in muscle cross-sectional area and increased electromyogram in response to 3 mo of resistance training. After 3 mo of detraining these gains were lost, whereas in contrast maximal unloaded knee extension velocity and power increased 14% ( P < 0.05) and 44% ( P < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, faster muscle twitch contractile properties along with an increased and decreased amount of MHC type II and MHC type I isoforms, respectively, were observed. In conclusion, detraining subsequent to resistance training increases maximal unloaded movement speed and power in previously untrained subjects. A phenotypic shift toward faster muscle MHC isoforms (I → IIA → IIX) and faster electrically evoked muscle contractile properties in response to detraining may explain the present results.

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Factors determining the negative perception of the health of Brazilian elderly people

Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia ◽

10.1590/1981-22562018021.170210 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 283-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Camila Zanesco ◽

Danielle Bordin ◽

Celso Bilynkievycz dos Santos ◽

Erildo Vicente Müller ◽

Cristina Berger Fadel

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Health Services ◽

Functional Limitations ◽

The Elderly ◽

National Health Survey ◽

Health Condition ◽

Health Perception ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Negative Perception

Abstract Objective: To identify factors that determine the negative perception of the health of the Brazilian elderly, considering sociodemographic conditions, functional limitations and illness, patterns of utilization of health services and oral health condition. Method: A cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey (2013), involving 23,815 elderly persons was carried out. Once the database was treated, dimensionality reduction was performed using the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis. The variables related to health perception were evaluated through logistic regression to measure the magnitude of the associations. Health perception and 36 independent variables were considered as outcome variables. Results: The variables most strongly related to the negative perception of the health of the elderly were illiteracy (OR=1.48), low educational level, total difficulty in performing instrumental activities of daily living (OR=2.04), impossibility of performing any activity (OR=3.20), presence of a diagnosis of physical or mental illness (OR=2.44), negative self-perception of oral health (OR=1.92), an increased need for health services in recent weeks (OR=1.16), medical visits and hospitalization in the last 12 months (OR=1.40). Conclusion: The use of multidimensional methodologies can identify the influence of determinants of a negative perception of health among Brazilian elderly persons, and can support the formulation of public health policies aimed at the elderly population.

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Endurance training-induced increase in muscle oxidative capacity without loss of muscle mass in younger and older resistance-trained men

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-021-04768-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Paul William Hendrickse ◽

Tomas Venckunas ◽

Justinas Platkevicius ◽

Ramutis Kairaitis ◽

Sigitas Kamandulis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Oxidative Capacity ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Type I ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

AbstractWhile concurrent training is regularly used in older populations, the inverse relationship between fibre size and oxidative capacity suggests that endurance training in resistance-trained individuals may result in some loss of resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass, which may be more pronounced in older people. We investigated the impact of superimposed endurance training in younger (28.5 ± 4.8 years; n = 8) and older (67.5 ± 5.5 years; n = 7) highly resistance-trained men. Participants underwent a 10-week endurance cycling training programme consisting of five 6-min intervals at 75% max heart rate (HRmax) separated by 4-min intervals at 90% HRmax. The anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the thigh muscles, as determined with MRI, was 24% smaller in older compared to younger participants (p < 0.001). Although maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was also lower in the older group (p < 0.001), VO2max per kg body mass did not differ significantly between younger and older participants. Histological analyses of biopsies of the m. vastus lateralis showed that endurance training induced an increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity in both younger and older participants (p ≤ 0.043), and an increase in the number of capillaries around type I fibres (p = 0.017). The superimposed endurance training did not induce a significant decrease in thigh ACSA, fibre cross-sectional area, or knee extensor maximum voluntary isometric force. These observations indicate that adding endurance training to resistance training can lead to positive endurance-related adaptations without negative consequences for muscle size and strength in older and younger resistance-trained people.

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Muscle hypertrophy response to resistance training in older women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1991.70.5.1912 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 1912-1916 ◽

Cited By ~ 292

Author(s):

S. L. Charette ◽

L. McEvoy ◽

G. Pyka ◽

C. Snow-Harter ◽

D. Guido ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Resistance Training Program ◽

Fiber Area ◽

Muscle Groups

We conducted a 12-wk resistance training program in elderly women [mean age 69 +/- 1.0 (SE) yr] to determine whether increases in muscle strength are associated with changes in cross-sectional fiber area of the vastus lateralis muscle. Twenty-seven healthy women were randomly assigned to either a control or exercise group. The program was satisfactorily completed and adequate biopsy material obtained from 6 controls and 13 exercisers. After initial testing of baseline maximal strength, exercisers began a training regimen consisting of seven exercises that stressed primary muscle groups of the lower extremities. No active intervention was prescribed for the controls. Increases in muscle strength of the exercising subjects were significant compared with baseline values (28-115%) in all muscle groups. No significant strength changes were observed in the controls. Cross-sectional area of type II muscle fibers significantly increased in the exercisers (20.1 +/- 6.8%, P = 0.02) compared with baseline. In contrast, no significant change in type II fiber area was observed in the controls. No significant changes in type I fiber area were found in either group. We conclude that a program of resistance exercise can be safely carried out by elderly women, such a program significantly increases muscle strength, and such gains are due, at least in part, to muscle hypertrophy.

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Quality of bone repair in ovariectomized rats with bone lesions treated with phytotherapic and homeopathic Arnica montana

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2017.v20i1.1332 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Edmundo Silva ◽

Vanessa Fernandes Pereira ◽

Luana Marotta Reis Vasconcellos ◽

Felipe Eduardo Oliveira ◽

Adriana Aigotti Haberbeck Brandão

Keyword(s):

Bone Repair ◽

Bone Structure ◽

The Elderly ◽

Female Rats ◽

Ovariectomized Rats ◽

Bone Lesions ◽

Arnica Montana ◽

Sham Surgery ◽

International Data

Objective: National and international data show that in the next years the elder population tends to have an exponential increase becoming to be significantly higher than other ages. Among the frequent diseases in the elderly, osteoporosis is a disease that decreases bone mass and deteriorates bone structure causing fragility and a high risk of fracture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phytotherapic and homeopathic Arnica montana on bone repair quality and its possible use in the treatment of bone fracture in patients with osteoporosis. Material and Methods: This experimental study was performed in Wistar adult female rats divided in 4 groups according to the following treatments: ovariectomized treated with homeopathic A. montana 6CH (OVZ 6CH); ovariectomized treated with phytotherapic A. montana (OVZ TM); ovariectomized with placebo (OVZ PL) and rats with sham surgery and placebo (Sham PL). In a period of 45 days after ovariectomy or sham surgery, all animals got a monocortical lesion. They were euthanized after 6, 12, 18 and 28 days and had the tibiae removed to evaluate dimensions and bone repair by radiographic density, biomechanical test and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and TUKEY tests (p < 0.05). Results: Results showed that treatment with Arnica 6CH was better than Arnica TM considering bone resistance and bone repair quality. Conclusion: This study concluded that treatment with homeopathic A. montana was more efficient than with phytotherapic Arnica in bone regeneration in rats with osteoporosis.KeywordsArnica montana; Homeopathy; Osteoporosis; Phytotherapy; Radiographic bone density.

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