Diversity of Wild Bees along Elevational Gradient in an Agricultural Area in Central Java, Indonesia

Increases in mean temperature affect the diversity and abundance of wild bees in agricultural ecosystems. Pollinator community composition is expected to change along an elevational gradient due to differences in the daily ambient temperature. This study investigated the diversity and abundance of wild bees in an agricultural area along an elevational gradient in Central Java, Indonesia. Wild bees were collected using a sweep net in 40 green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivation sampling locations at seven different elevations (8, 108, 224, 424, 644, 893, and 1017 m above sea level). Species diversity was determined using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. We identified 932 individuals from 8 species of wild bee belonging to 3 families. The family Apidae was predominant, with 6 species, while only 1 species was found from each of Megachilidae and Halictidae. Across the study sites, diversity increased with increasing elevation (H′= 1.4,D= 0.25, andE= 0.78 at low elevation toH′= 2.04,D= 0.13, andE= 0.96 at high elevation), and higher numbers of species were found at middle and high elevations. Species richness and abundance increased linearly with increasing elevation, and species diversity was highest at middle elevations.

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Pollinator diversity (Hymenoptera and Diptera) in semi-natural habitats in Serbia during summer

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1202777s ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 777-786 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sonja Mudri-Stojnic ◽

Andrijana Andric ◽

Z. Józan ◽

A. Vujic

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Population Abundance ◽

Wild Bees ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Mass Flowering ◽

Pollinator Diversity ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Pollinating Insects ◽

Number Of Individuals

The aim of this study was to assess species diversity and population abundance of the two main orders of pollinating insects, Hymenoptera and Diptera. The survey was conducted in 16 grassland fragments within agro-ecosystems in Vojvodina, as well as in surrounding fields with mass-flowering crops. Pollinators were identified and the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index was used to measure their diversity. Five families, 7 subfamilies, 26 genera and 63 species of insects were recorded. All four big pollinator groups investigated were recorded; hoverflies were the most abundant with 32% of the total number of individuals, followed by wild bees - 29%, honeybees - 23% and bumblebees with 16%.

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Distance Effects on Diversity and Abundance of the Flower Visitors of Ocimum kilimandscharicum in the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

International Journal of Biodiversity ◽

10.1155/2018/7635631 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hellen K. Mandela ◽

Mugatsia H. Tsingalia ◽

Mary Gikungu ◽

Wilbur M. Lwande

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Land Use Changes ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Forest Edge ◽

Flower Visitors ◽

Kakamega Forest ◽

Species Invasions ◽

Wiener Diversity Index

Pollination is an important ecosystem service in the maintenance of biodiversity and most importantly in food production. Pollination is on the decline due to habitat loss, exotic species invasions, pollution, overharvesting, and land use changes. This study analyzed the abundance and diversity of flower visitors’ of Ocimum kilimandscharicum in Kakamega forest with increasing distance from the forest edge. Data were collected through direct observation and sweep netting. Six study sites were identified along two transects each 2.5 km long and labeled A to F. Distance in metres from the forest edge to each site was A=221, B=72, C=83, D=198, E=113, and F=50. Sampling was done from 7:30 am to 4:00 pm, three days in a week for five months consecutively. Diversity indices of different flower visitors were calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare differences between sites and a two-sample t-test was used to identify mean significant differences in species diversity between the closest and the furthest sites. A total of 645 individuals belonging to 35 species were captured from 4 families. The highest diversity was at site F (H’= 2.38) which was closest to the forest edge and the lowest diversity was from site A (H’=1.44) which was furthest from the forest edge. Distance from the forest edge significantly influenced species diversity (F(3, 20)=14.67, p=0.024). Distance from the forest edge also significantly influenced species abundance between the furthest sites A, D, and E and the nearest sites F, B, and C to the forest edge (t=4.177; p=0.0312) and species richness (t=3.2893; p=0.0187). This study clearly demonstrates that Ocimum kilimandscharicum flower visitors play essential roles in pollination and their higher number of visits translates into higher numbers of seeds set. Many of these pollinators are associated with the forest and hence the need to conserve the Kakamega forest as a source pool for pollinators.

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Community Structure of Dragonfly (Ordo: Odonata) in Natural Forest and Tourist Sites Petungkriyono Forest, Central Java, Indonesia

Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology ◽

10.22146/jtbb.67328 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 67328

Author(s):

Nur Apriatun Nafisah ◽

R.C.Hidayat Soesilohadi

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Tropical Rainforest ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Natural Forest ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Community Based ◽

Central Java ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Index Value ◽

Total Species

Petungkriyono forest is a tropical rainforest with high biodiversity. The increasing tourism activities in Petungkriyono lead to land conversion. Dragonfly (order Odonata) is a good bioindicator for aquatic and terrestrial. This study aimed to compare the community structure of Odonata in natural forests and tourist sites. The method of collecting imago Odonata was done by direct searching, samples were captured using sweep netting. The results showed that the dragonflies found in all locations consisted of the same family, 2 families (Gomphidae and Libellulidae) from the suborder Anisoptera and 6 families (Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae, Euphaidae Platycnemididae, and Platystictidae) from the suborder Zygoptera. The total species of dragonflies found in Sokokembang were 15 species with a total of 293 individuals, Tirta Muncar 13 species of 287 individuals, Karanggondang 17 species of 276 individuals, and Curug Lawe 14 species of 242 individuals. The highest relative abundance of individuals was in the natural forest of Sokokembang is Drepanosticta spatulifera (26.28%) and in Karanggondang Vestalis luctuosa (24.64%), while in the tourist forests of Tirta Muncar and Curug Lawe were Euphaea variegata (34.84% and 28.51 %). The structure of the Odonata community is based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the natural forests of Sokokembang (2.18) and Karanggondang (2.21) at the tourist sites of Tirta Muncar (1.84) and Curug Lawe (2.11). The results showed that the structure of the Odonata community based on the level of the diversity index value, evenness index, and dominance index in natural forests and tourist sites in Petungkriyono forest was not significantly different.

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Phytoplankton Community Investigation and Water Quality Assessment of M River in winter in Shijiazhuang City

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202126701035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 267 ◽

pp. 01035

Author(s):

Ziqi Zhang ◽

Lei Yang ◽

Dongxu Han ◽

Hongyan Shen

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Water Body ◽

Phytoplankton Community ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Water Quality Assessment ◽

Species Diversity Index ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Eutrophic Water ◽

Evenness Index

An investigation of phytoplankton community and water quality for M River was conducted in December 2019.The results showed that 38 species of phytoplankton belonging to 6 phyla and 26 genera were collected. Among them, Bacillariophyta is the richest species, which accounted for 34.21%, followed by Cyanophyta with 26.32% and Chlorophyta with 28.95%. The density of phytoplankton was 63.0*106 inds/L which indicated as eutrophic water body. The highest density was Bacillariophyta, accounting for 51.03%. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) varied from 1.34 to 2.24, the Margalef Species diversity index (d) varied from 2.71 to 3.85, and the Pielou evenness index (J) varied from 0.38 to 0.67. According to the integrative analysis results of H’, d and J, M River water quality belongs to oligo-polluted, but individual sites belong to meso-polluted.

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Grazing Exclusion, a Choice between Biomass Growth and Species Diversity Maintenance in Beijing—Tianjin Sand Source Control Project

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11071941 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1941 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yuzhe Li ◽

Jiangwen Fan ◽

Hailing Yu

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Source Control ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

Grazing Exclusion ◽

Ground Biomass ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Restoration Practices ◽

Sand Source

Grasslands in northern China form an important ecological barrier that prevents and controls desertification. The Beijing–Tianjin Sand Source Control (BTSSC) Project has been implemented to restore grassland in order to control sand sourced pollution. This study aimed to understand the impacts of four applied restoration practices on the productivity, composition, and species diversity of vegetation communities in the BTSSC Project. The results indicated the following: (1) All the restoration practices tended to increase the height and cover of communities, and the effect was most obvious where grazing was excluded; (2) total biomass (87%), above-ground biomass (164%) and below-ground biomass (58%) only increased consistently when grazing was excluded from the steppe; (3) fenced and grazing exclusion practice significantly increased the abundance of species in communities, but all the practices tended to decrease the evenness of species; and, (4) the correlation analysis revealed that the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, and Pielou evenness index, showed significant negative correlations with the above-ground biomass of grassland communities after restoration, while no significant relationships were shown in reference plots. Our comparison of applied practices in the BTSSC project revealed that grazing exclusion might be a high priority for more successful restoration in this region.

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Butterfly diversity of Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja District, Gandaki Province, Nepal

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.6635.13.7.18827-18845 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 18827-18845

Author(s):

Kismat Neupane ◽

Mahamad Sayab Miya

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Species Diversity ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Butterfly Species ◽

Habitat Types ◽

Butterfly Diversity ◽

Wiener Diversity Index

A study was carried out to find the butterfly species diversity and abundance in Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja, Gandaki, Nepal, from June 2019 to July 2020. Pollard walk method was used for data collection in three different habitat types: forest, agricultural land, and settlement area. The study was performed in all seasons: pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. A total of 180 butterfly species from 108 genera and six families were recorded. The overall Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) was 4.48. The highest diversity was represented by the Nymphalidae with 67 species (H= 3.79). Butterfly diversity and species abundance was highest in the forest area (147 species, 1199 individuals; H= 4.47). The highest species richness (109 species) was observed in the monsoon season.

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Contribution of Plantation Forest on Wild Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) Pollinators Conservation in Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia

Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education ◽

10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.10652 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 437

Author(s):

Imam Widhiono ◽

Eming Sudiana ◽

Edy Yani

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Apis Cerana ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Line Transect ◽

Forest Types ◽

Plantation Forest ◽

Wild Bees ◽

Central Java ◽

Wild Bee ◽

Habitat Similarity

Wild bee pollinators (Hymenoptera : Apiade) diversity and abundance were studied in three types of plantation forest on Mt. Slamet (Central Java Province, Indonesia). The aims of the research was to know the diversity and abundance of wild bee pollinators and to determine the possibility of plantation forest contribution on wild bees conservation. Sampling has been done at three stands: a pine forest (PF, with Pinus merkusii), an Agathis forest (AF, with Agathis damara) and a community forest (CF, with Albizia falctaria). Each habitat was divided into 5 line transect (100 x 5 m) and sweep nets were used to collect the wild bee samples. Sampling was done eah month from April to August 2015. The diversity of wild bees was high (12 species in 9 genera; members of the Apidae (7 species were dominant). The most abundant species across the forests were Apis cerana (343 individuals; 25.5% of total), Trigona laeviceps (195 individuals; 14.5%), and Megachille relativa (165 individuals; 12.3%). Measurements of species diversity (H’), species evenness (E), habitat similarity (Ss) and species richness indicated that the wild bee species diversity in the region was relatively high (H’ = 1.275) to (H’ = 1.730);(E= 0.870) to (E = 0.93). The result showed that the diversity of wild bees in three different plantation forest habitats on Mt. Slamet were similar and can be concluded that plantation forest types were important for pollinator conservation, and an appropriate future preservation strategy should include of the areas of all plantation forest types.

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Keanekaragaman dan Kemerataan Spesies Anggota Ordo Anura di Lereng Selatan Gunung Merapi Tahun 2012

Biosfera ◽

10.20884/1.mib.2015.32.1.289 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Donan Satria Yudha ◽

Yonathan Yonathan ◽

Rury Eprilurahman ◽

Septiana Indriawan ◽

Eka Cahyaningrum

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

National Park ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Dry Season ◽

Species Evenness ◽

Southern Slope ◽

Merapi Volcano ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Evenness Index

Merapi volcano as one of national park is an ecotourism site which is very potential to visit. Information about species diversity for a national park is very important especially if its area fluctuated susceptibly. Two years after 2010 Merapi eruption, there are no research about species diversity and evenness of Anuran in that place. The research is carried out during June-November 2012 which is dry season. The objective of this research is to study the species diversity and evenness of Anuran in southern slope of Mount Merapi. The research is carried out in 6 locations; those are Kali Kuning, Telogo Muncar, Telogo Nirmolo, Petak Pitu, Bukit Turgo, and Bukit Plawangan. We used Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method combined with transect in Kali Kuning, Telogo Muncar, and Petak Pitu. VES method combined with time search in Telogo Nirmolo and Bukit Turgo. VES method combined with track exploration in Bukit Plawangan. Species diversity is analyzed with Shanon-Wiener diversity index. Species evenness is analyzed with Pielou evenness index. Total individuals each species is counted to know species abundance. Species diversity of anuran in southern slope of Mount Merapi is consisted of 12 species’ which is distributed in 6 locations. The highest diversity and evenness of anuran is at Bukit Turgo (H’=1.31; E=0.94). The lowest diversity and evenness of anuran is at Petak Pitu (H’=0.49; E=0.3). Species diversity of anuran in southern slope of Mount Merapi is low (Bukit Turgo and Kali Kuning) and very low (Bukit Plawangan, Telogo Muncar, Telogo Nirmolo, and Petak Pitu). Species evenness of anuran in southern slope of Mount Merapi is stable (Telogo Nirmolo and Bukit Turgo), still labil (Bukit Plawangan, Kali Kuning, and Telogo Muncar), and oppressed (Petak Pitu).

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Tree Species Diversity and Abundance of Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v25i8.20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1415-1419

Author(s):

O.M. Ogundele ◽

P.O. Ige ◽

Y.T. Owoeye ◽

D.E. Abanikanda ◽

O.O. Komolafe

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Tree Species Diversity ◽

Forest Reserve ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Permanent Sample Plot ◽

Ondo State

This study was carried out to examine the tree species diversity and abundance in a natural forest ecosystem in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. Data were collected from a four equal size sampling plot of 50×50m in a permanent sample plot section of Akure Forest Reserve. All living trees with DBH ≥ 10cm were measured and identified. A total of 956 trees were encountered. These trees were from 42 genera and 20 families. Celtis zenkeri belonging to the family of Ulmaceae was the species with the highest population distribution while Sterculiaceae was the dominant family in the study area. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (Hˈ) of 3.196 and species evenness of 0.84 were obtained from the study area. The high values of diversity indices obtained indicated that the forest is rich in biodiversity and hence should be protected from any forms of disturbance to enhance sustainability as well as protect the rare species in it from going into extinction.

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Mangrove vegetation and bird communities around Tegal Port, Central Java, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210436 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Slamet Isworo ◽

POERNA SRI OETARI

Keyword(s):

Diversity Index ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Bird Species ◽

Similarity Index ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Red List ◽

Bird Communities ◽

Central Java ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Mangrove Vegetation

Abstract. Isworo S, Oetari PS. 2020. Mangrove vegetation and bird communities around Tegal Port, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1551-1560. The ecological balance in Tegal harbor area needs to get serious attention due to the impacts of Tegal Port activities. For this purpose, the diversity of mangrove and avifauna (bird) can be used as bio-indicators of the ecological stability of the area. This study aimed to assess and analyze the diversity of plants and avifauna (birds) that live in mangrove and coastal zones around Tegal Port development area. Data collection was conducted using purposive random sampling method on two sites for vegetation and three sites for avifauna. The importance value index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Sorensen’s similarity index was calculated for the vegetation. For birds, we calculated the diversity and similarity index as well as identified their conservation status based on the IUCN Red List, CITES and government regulations. In terms of vegetation, Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina dominate Site 2 (Tegalsari) while Casuarina equisetifolia and R. mucronata dominate Site 3 (Alam Indah Beach). Overall, the vegetation has low biodiversity index and similarity between sites is also low. For bird, there are 37 species from 18 families. Site 1 (Muara Reja) has the highest number of species with 29 species, followed by Site 2 (Tegalsari) with 25 species, and Site 3 (Alam Indah Beach) with 22 species. The three sites have moderate diversity index and there is high similarity index between sites. All bird species found in the study sites are listed as Least Concern under IUCN Red List, while there are two species protected under national protection law, i.e. Ardea alba and Glareola maldivarum. In general, the condition of mangrove vegetation around Tegal Port has low diversity. This suggests that the pressure on the environment is quite high, causing only few plant species to be able to live and dominate the ecosystem. The limited vegetation also causes birds community, especially the protected A. alba and G. maldivarum in Site 2, becomes increasingly difficult to find, because places to find food, breeding places and places to rest are disturbed.

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