scholarly journals Preclinical Studies and Translational Applications of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Siaw-Debrah ◽  
Mark Nyanzu ◽  
Haoqi Ni ◽  
Xiao Lin ◽  
Zhu Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Conservative Therapy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Disability Rate ◽  
The Brain

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) which refers to bleeding in the brain is a very deleterious condition with high mortality and disability rate. Surgery or conservative therapy remains the treatment option. Various studies have divided the disease process of ICH into primary and secondary injury, for which knowledge into these processes has yielded many preclinical and clinical treatment options. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the new experimental drugs as well as other treatment options like stem cell therapy, rehabilitation, and nanomedicine and mention some translational clinical applications that have been done with these treatment options.

Vascular Neurosurgery

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Thomas Leipzig
Keyword(s):  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction ◽  
General Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Vascular Neurosurgery ◽  
The Brain

This chapter reviews a variety of neurovascular conditions including aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformation of the brain, intracerebral hemorrhage, spinal dural arteriovenous fistula, carotid stenosis, and decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Emphasis is placed on the considerations for surgical management. Decisions on treatment need to be based on an understanding of the natural history of the disease process, possible alternative treatment options, and the potential risks and benefits of a chosen procedure. The general management aspects concerning these conditions are also discussed. These six case studies review the important features of the medical history, imaging, medications, surgical, and endovascular treatments associated with the specific condition. Findings from key neurovascular studies are incorporated into the discussion of each case.

scholarly journals Berberine exhibits neuroprotective effects through inhibited autophagy and promoted microglial M1 transferred to M2 polarization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Lei ◽  
Zhiping Hu ◽  
Binbin Yang ◽  
Zheng Jiang ◽  
Fangfang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Microglial Polarization ◽  
The Brain ◽  
M1 Type

Abstract Background: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) induces autophagy excessive activation and microglia mainly switched into proinflammatory M1 type, which can cause severe secondary injury. Current evidence has implied that berberine has a protective effect against ischaemic stroke through mediated autophagy and microglial polarization. However, the neuroprotective effect of berberine in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear.Method: In this study the effect of berberine on rats model of intracerebral hemorrhage were investigated through Immunofluorescence, qPCR, ELISA, and western blot.Result: Berberine administration significantly reduces neurological deficits and the brain water content via inhibited autophagy, promoted M1 type microglia to M2 type, and subsequently exerts anti-inflammation effects in a rat model of ICH.Conclusion: These results suggest that berberine reduced secondary injury and improved neurological outcomes in ICH model.

scholarly journals Jugular venous oximetry

2015 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avanish Bhardwaj ◽  
Hemant Bhagat ◽  
Vinod Grover
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Oxygenation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Jugular Bulb ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Venous Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Simple Bedside ◽  
Venous Oximetry

AbstractThe measurement of saturation of venous blood as it drains out of brain by sampling it from the jugular bulb provides us with an estimate of cerebral oxygenation, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic requirement. Arterio-jugular venous difference of the oxygen content (AVDO2) and jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjVO2) values per se helps clinicians in identifying the impairment of cerebral oxygenation due to various factors thereby prompting implementation of corrective measures and the prevention of secondary injury to the brain due to ischaemia. SjVO2 values are also used for prognostication of patients after traumatic brain injury and in other clinical situations. Sampling and measuring SjVO2 intermittently or continuously using fibreoptic oximetry requires the tip of the catheter to be placed in the jugular bulb, which is a relatively simple bedside procedure. In the review below we have discussed the relevant anatomy, physiology, techniques, clinical applications and pitfalls of performing jugular venous oximetry as a tool for measurement of cerebral oxygenation.

Head trauma: treatment and diagnostic aids

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
Mark Lowrie
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Primary Lesion ◽  
Trauma Treatment ◽  
Secondary Injury ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic brain injury occurs frequently in dogs and cats. The primary lesion occurs at the time of injury and causes direct, irreversible damage to the brain parenchyma and vasculature. Secondary lesions occur in the minutes following the trauma as a result of a combination of physical and biochemical changes that lead to intracranial hypertension. It is this secondary injury that veterinarians are able to reduce. This article outlines the treatment options for patients with traumatic brain injury. There remains controversy over what constitutes best practice. This article addresses the main points regarding the clinical therapeutic options currently available.

scholarly journals Basal Ganglia Herniation into the Fourth Ventricle

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mensura Altumbabic ◽  
Marc R. Del Bigio ◽  
Scott Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Transtentorial Herniation ◽  
Intracerebral Bleeding ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT:Background:Transtentorial herniation of large cerebral fragments is a rare phenomenon.Method:Case StudyResults:Examination of the brain of a 35-year-old male showed massive intracerebral hemorrhage resulting in displacement of basal ganglia components into the fourth ventricle.Conclusions:Sufficiently rapid intracerebral bleeding can dissect fragments of cerebrum and displace them long distances across the tentorial opening.

scholarly journals A Review of Genetic Abnormalities in Unicentric and Multicentric Castleman Disease

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Alexandra Butzmann ◽  
Jyoti Kumar ◽  
Kaushik Sridhar ◽  
Sumanth Gollapudi ◽  
Robert S. Ohgami
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Castleman Disease ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Human Herpes Virus 8 ◽  
Multicentric Castleman Disease ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Castleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder known to represent at least four distinct clinicopathologic subtypes. Large advancements in our clinical and histopathologic description of these diverse diseases have been made, resulting in subtyping based on number of enlarged lymph nodes (unicentric versus multicentric), according to viral infection by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and with relation to clonal plasma cells (POEMS). In recent years, significant molecular and genetic abnormalities associated with CD have been described. However, we continue to lack a foundational understanding of the biological mechanisms driving this disease process. Here, we review all cases of CD with molecular abnormalities described in the literature to date, and correlate cytogenetic, molecular, and genetic abnormalities with disease subtypes and phenotypes. Our review notes complex karyotypes in subsets of cases, specific mutations in PDGFRB N666S in 10% of unicentric CD (UCD) and NCOA4 L261F in 23% of idiopathic multicentric CD (iMCD) cases. Genes affecting chromatin organization and abnormalities in methylation are seen more commonly in iMCD while abnormalities within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and interleukin signaling pathways are more frequent in UCD. Interestingly, there is a paucity of genetic studies evaluating HHV-8 positive multicentric CD (HHV-8+ MCD) and POEMS-associated CD. Our comprehensive review of genetic and molecular abnormalities in CD identifies subtype-specific and novel pathways which may allow for more targeted treatment options and unique biologic therapies.

Lifestyle intervention to prevent Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 817-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ko ◽  
Soi Moi Chye
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that leads to significant morbidities in elderly. The major pathological hallmark of AD is beta-amyloid plaques (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition in hippocampus of the brain. These abnormal protein deposition damages neuronal cells resulting in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. As a result of limited treatment options available for this disease, there is huge economic burden for patients and social health care system. Thus, alternative approaches (lifestyle intervention) to prevent this disease are extremely important. In this systemic review, we summarized epidemiological evidence of lifestyle intervention and the mechanisms involved in delaying and/or preventing AD. Lifestyle interventions include education, social engagement and cognitive stimulation, smoking, exercise, depression and psychological stress, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity and diet. The methods are based on a literature review of available sources found on the research topic in four acknowledged databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Medline and PubMed. Results of the identified original studies revealed that lifestyle interventions have significant effects and our conclusion is that combination of early lifestyle interventions can decrease the risk of developing AD.

Event-Related Potentials in Psychiatry: Approaches to Research and Clinical Applications

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Clinical Methods ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Brain

This article suggests that the potential usefulness of event-related potentials in psychiatry has not been fully explored because of the limitations of various approaches to research adopted to date, and because the field is still undergoing rapid development. Newer approaches to data acquisition and methods of analysis, combined with closer co-operation between medical and physical scientists, will help to establish the practical application of these signals in psychiatric disorders and assist our understanding of psychophysiological information processing in the brain. Finally, it is suggested that psychiatrists should seek to understand these techniques and the data they generate, since they provide more direct access to measures of complex cerebral processes than current clinical methods.

Juvenile-onset Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis in Rambouillet Sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Edwards ◽  
R. W. Storts ◽  
J. R. Joyce ◽  
J. M. Shelton ◽  
C. S. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Juvenile Onset ◽  
Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Disease States ◽  
The Brain

Two, 8-month-old Rambouillet half-sister ewes with signs of visual loss and decreased mentation were examined. Ewe No. 1 was necropsied at 10 months of age, and alter being held under observation for a further 6 months, ewe No. 2 was necropsied at 16 months of age. At that time, the ewe was blind and severely depressed. Both ewes had deposition of an autofluorescent lipopigment, identified as ceroid-lipofuscin, in neurons of the brain, spinal cord, eye, and dorsal root ganglia. The disease process was progressive and characterized by deposition of lipopigment with neuronal degeneration and severe fibrillary aslrogliosis. This progressive loss of neurons in the older ewe led to severe retinal degeneration. No pigment was observed in cells outside of the nervous system and eye. Controlled breeding studies have shown that this disease has an autosomal, recessive inheritance. The disease referred to here as juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis of Rambouillet sheep is unlike the majority of the hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinoses that occur in human beings and animals in that only the nervous system is affected. Therefore, this disease could serve as an excellent model for the study of lipopigment deposition that affects the nervous system as a result of various disease states and during aging.

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