Characterization of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Sudanese Banknotes and Determination of Their Resistance Profile

Background. Banknotes are one of the most exchangeable items in communities and always subject to contamination by pathogenic bacteria and hence could serve as vehicle for transmission of infectious diseases. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of contamination by pathogenic bacteria in Sudanese banknotes, determine the susceptibility of the isolated organisms towards commonly used antibiotics, and detect some antibiotic resistance genes.Methods. This study was carried out using 135 samples of Sudanese banknotes of five different denominations (2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 Sudanese pounds), which were collected randomly from hospitals, food sellers, and transporters in all three districts of Khartoum, Bahri, and Omdurman. Bacterial prevalence was determined using culture-based techniques, and their sensitivity patterns were determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Genotypic identification was carried out using PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing. Antibiotic resistance genes of some isolates were detected using PCR technique.Results. All Sudanese banknotes were found to be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.Klebsiella pneumoniaewas found to be the most frequent isolate (23%), whereasBacillus mycoides(15%) was the most abundant Gram-positive isolate. There was a significant relationship between the number of isolates and the banknote denomination withpvalue <0.05 (the lower denomination showed higher contamination level). Our study has isolated bacteria that are resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. Multidrug-resistant strains harboring resistant genes (mecA,blaCTX-M, andblaTEM) were also detected.Conclusion. All studied Sudanese banknotes were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains, and may play a significant role in the transmission of bacterial infections.

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Molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dog dental plaque

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ◽

10.15547/bjvm.2099 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 419-427

Author(s):

S. Nouri Gharajalar ◽

M. Onsori

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Multiplex Pcr Assay

Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains are a major health care problem both in humans and animals. In this work we described three multiplex PCR assays for detection of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in S. aureus isolated from dog dental plaques. Thirty dental plaque samples were collected; then cultural, biochemical and molecular tests performed for isolation and identification of S. aureus from samples. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were checked by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes determined using multiplex PCR assay. As a result S. aureus was isolated from 18 dog plaque samples. Fifteen of these isolates were resistant to penicillin. The mecA gene was more prevalent than blaZ among penicillin-resistant bacteria. Ten of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline. The percentage of tetM was higher than tetK among them. Also, 10 of the isolates were resistant to cefazolin among them bla TEM detected in higher rate than blaSHV and blaOXA-1. Hence multiplex PCR assay is a suitable method for detection of antibiotic resistance patterns of S. aureus isolates.

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Conjugative delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 for the selective depletion of antibiotic-resistant enterococci

10.1101/678573 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marinelle Rodrigues ◽

Sara W. McBride ◽

Karthik Hullahalli ◽

Kelli L. Palmer ◽

Breck A. Duerkop

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Conjugative Plasmid ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Resistance Determinants

AbstractThe innovation of new therapies to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is being outpaced by the continued rise of MDR bacterial infections. Of particular concern are hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) recalcitrant to antibiotic therapies. The Gram-positive intestinal pathobiontEnterococcus faecalisis associated with HAIs and some strains are MDR. Therefore, novel strategies to controlE. faecalispopulations are needed. We previously characterized anE. faecalisType II CRISPR-Cas system and demonstrated its utility in the sequence-specific removal of antibiotic resistance determinants. Here we present work describing the adaption of this CRISPR-Cas system into a constitutively expressed module encoded on a pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid that efficiently transfers toE. faecalisfor the selective removal of antibiotic resistance genes. Usingin vitrocompetition assays, we show that these CRISPR-Cas-encoding delivery plasmids, or CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials, can reduce the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in enterococcal populations in a sequence-specific manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that deployment of CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials in the murine intestine reduces the occurrence of antibiotic-resistantE. faecalisby several orders of magnitude. Finally, we show thatE. faecalisdonor strains harboring CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials are immune to uptake of antibiotic resistance determinantsin vivo. Our results demonstrate that conjugative delivery of CRISPR-Cas antimicrobials may be adaptable for future deployment from probiotic bacteria for exact targeting of defined MDR bacteria or for precision engineering of polymicrobial communities in the mammalian intestine.ImportanceCRISPR-Cas nucleic acid targeting systems hold promise for the amelioration of multidrug-resistant enterococci, yet the utility of such tools in the context of the intestinal environment where enterococci reside is understudied. We describe the development of a CRISPR-Cas antimicrobial, deployed on a conjugative plasmid, for the targeted removal of antibiotic resistance genes from intestinalEnterococcus faecalis. We demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas targeting reduces antibiotic resistance ofE. faecalisby several orders of magnitude in the intestine. Although barriers exist that influence the penetrance of the conjugative CRISPR-Cas antimicrobial among target recipientE. faecaliscells, the removal of antibiotic resistance genes inE. faecalisupon uptake of the CRISPR-Cas antimicrobial is absolute. In addition, cells that obtain the CRISPR-Cas antimicrobial are immunized against the acquisition of new antibiotic resistance genes. This study suggests a potential path toward plasmid based CRISPR-Cas therapies in the intestine.

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Longitudinal assessment of antibiotic resistance gene profiles in gut microbiomes of infants at risk of eczema

10.21203/rs.2.18486/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Evelyn Loo ◽

Amanda Zain ◽

Gaik Chin Yap ◽

Rikky W Purbojati ◽

Daniela I Drautz-Moses ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

First Year ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

First Year Of Life

Abstract Background While there is increasing knowledge about the gut microbiome, the factors influencing and the significance of the gut resistome are still not well understood. Infant gut commensals risk transferring multidrug-resistant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to pathogenic bacteria. The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria is a worldwide public health concern. Better understanding the naïve infant gut resistome may build the evidence base for antimicrobial stewardship in both humans and in the food industry. Given the high carriage rate of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- producing Enterobacteriaceae in Asia, we aimed to evaluate community prevalence, dynamics, and longitudinal changes in antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles and prevalence of ESBL-producing .E coli and K. pneumoniae in the intestinal microbiome of infants participating in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study, a longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women and their infants. Methods We analysed ARGs in the first year of life among 75 infants who had stool samples collected at multiple timepoints using metagenomics. Results The mean number of ARGs per infant increased with age. The most common ARGs identified confer resistance to aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics; all infants harboured these antibiotic resistance genes at some point in the first year of life. Few ARGs persisted throughout the first year of life. Beta-lactam resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected in 4 (5.3%) and 32 (42.7%) of subjects respectively. Conclusion In this longitudinal cohort study of infants living in a region with high endemic antibacterial resistance, we demonstrate that the majority of the infants harboured several antibiotic resistance genes in their gut and showed that the infant gut resistome is diverse and dynamic over the first year of life.

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Prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons among the multidrug resistant uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli

Asian Biomedicine ◽

10.5372/1905-7415.0901.367 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 49-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haddadi Azam ◽

Somayeh Mikaili Ghezeljeh ◽

Shavandi Mahmoud

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Integrase Gene ◽

Class 1 ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background Multidrug resistance is a serious problem in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Horizontal gene transfer, directed by strong selective pressure of antibiotics, has resulted in the widespread distribution of multiple antibiotic resistance genes. The dissemination of resistance genes is enhanced when they are trapped in integrons. Objectives To determine the prevalence of integrons among multidrug resistant Escherichia coli strains collected from regional hospitals and private clinical laboratories in Alborz province. Methods The susceptibility of 111 clinical Escherichia coli isolates was tested using a Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method for common antibiotics. Isolates were screened for the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) using a double disk synergy test. The existence of integrons was confirmed by amplification of the integrase gene and their class determined via analysis of PCR products by PCR-RFLP. Results Isolates showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin. Nitrofurantoin, amikacin, and ceftizoxime were the most effective antibiotics in vitro. Eighty-eight isolates of 111 (79%) were resistant to more than three unrelated drugs. We found 30% of the multidrug resistant isolates harbor integrons. Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 25 and 1 isolates, respectively. ESBL screening of strains showed 45 isolates (40%) were positive; 22% of the ESBL-positive isolates carried class 1 integrons and the frequency of MDR in ESBLpositive isolates was 93%. Conclusion The existence of integrons in only 29.5% of multidrug resistant isolates showed that besides integrons, antibiotic resistance genes were probably carried on other transferable elements lacking integrons, such as transposons or plasmids.

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Longitudinal assessment of antibiotic resistance gene profiles in gut microbiomes of infants at risk of eczema

10.21203/rs.2.18486/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Evelyn Loo(Former Corresponding Author) ◽

Amanda Zain ◽

Gaik Chin Yap ◽

Rikky W Purbojati ◽

Daniela I Drautz-Moses ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

First Year ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

First Year Of Life

Abstract Background While there is increasing knowledge about the gut microbiome, the factors influencing and the significance of the gut resistome are still not well understood. Infant gut commensals risk transferring multidrug-resistant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to pathogenic bacteria. The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria is a worldwide public health concern. Better understanding the naïve infant gut resistome may build the evidence base for antimicrobial stewardship in both humans and in the food industry. Given the high carriage rate of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- producing Enterobacteriaceae in Asia, we aimed to evaluate community prevalence, dynamics, and longitudinal changes in antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles and prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in the intestinal microbiome of infants participating in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study, a longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women and their infants. Methods: We analysed ARGs in the first year of life among 75 infants at risk of eczema who had stool samples collected at multiple timepoints using metagenomics. Results: The mean number of ARGs per infant increased with age. The most common ARGs identified confer resistance to aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics; all infants harboured these antibiotic resistance genes at some point in the first year of life. Few ARGs persisted throughout the first year of life. Beta-lactam resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected in 4 (5.3%) and 32 (42.7%) of subjects respectively. Conclusion: In this longitudinal cohort study of infants living in a region with high endemic antibacterial resistance, we demonstrate that majority of the infants harboured several antibiotic resistance genes in their gut and showed that the infant gut resistome is diverse and dynamic over the first year of life.

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Prevalence of virulence factor, antibiotic resistance, and serotype genes of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from pigs in Vietnam

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.896-904 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 896-904

Author(s):

Hung Vu-Khac ◽

T. T. Hang Trinh ◽

T. T. Giang Nguyen ◽

X. Truong Nguyen ◽

Thi Thinh Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Pasteurella Multocida ◽

Iron Acquisition ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Atrophic Rhinitis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characterization of the Pasteurella multocida isolates from suspected pigs in Vietnam. Materials and Methods: A total of 83 P. multocida strains were isolated from lung samples and nasal swabs collected from pigs associated with pneumonia, progressive atrophic rhinitis, or reproductive and respiratory symptoms. Isolates were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for capsular typing, detection of virulence-associated genes and antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. The antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the isolates were tested by disk diffusion method. Results: All the isolates 83/83 (100%) were identified as P. multocida by PCR: serogroup A was obtained from 40/83 (48.19%), serogroup D was detected from 24/83 strains (28.91%), and serogroup B was found in 19/83 (22.35%) isolates. The presence of 14 virulence genes was reported including adhesins group (ptfA – 93.97%, pfhA – 93.97%, and fimA – 90.36%), iron acquisition (exbB – 100%, and exbD – 85.54%), hyaluronidase (pmHAS – 84.33%), and protectins (ompA – 56.62%, ompH 68.67%, and oma87 – 100%). The dermonecrotoxin toxA had low prevalence (19.28%). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that cephalexin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were the drugs most likely active against P. multocida while amoxicillin and tetracycline were inactive. The usage of PCR revealed that 63/83 isolates were carrying at least one of the drug resistance genes. Conclusion: Unlike other parts of the word, serotype B was prevalent among Vietnamese porcine P. multocida strains. The high antibiotic resistance detected among these isolates gives us an alert about the current state of imprudent antibiotic usage in controlling the pathogenic bacteria.

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Cartography of opportunistic pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in a tertiary hospital environment

10.1101/644740 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kern Rei Chng ◽

Chenhao Li ◽

Denis Bertrand ◽

Amanda Hui Qi Ng ◽

Junmei Samantha Kwah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Ecological Niches ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Resistant Strains

AbstractThere is growing attention surrounding hospital acquired infections (HAIs) due to high associated healthcare costs, compounded by the scourge of widespread multi-antibiotic resistance. Although hospital environment disinfection is well acknowledged to be key for infection control, an understanding of colonization patterns and resistome profiles of environment-dwelling microbes is currently lacking. We report the first extensive genomic characterization of microbiomes (428), common HAI-associated microbes (891) and transmissible drug resistance cassettes (1435) in a tertiary hospital environment based on a 3-timepoint sampling (1 week and >1 year apart) of 179 sites from 45 beds. Deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing unveiled two distinct ecological niches of microbes and antibiotic resistance genes characterized by biofilm-forming and human microbiome influenced environments that display corresponding patterns of divergence over space and time. To study common nosocomial pathogens that were typically present at low abundances, a combination of culture enrichment and long-read nanopore sequencing was used to obtain thousands of high contiguity genomes (2347), phage sequences (1693) and closed plasmids (5910), a significant fraction of which (>60%) are not represented in current sequence databases. These high-quality assemblies and metadata enabled a rich characterization of resistance gene combinations, phage diversity, plasmid architectures, and the dynamic nature of hospital environment resistomes and their reservoirs. Phylogenetic analysis identified multidrug resistant strains as being more widely distributed and stably colonizing across hospital sites. Further genomic comparisons with clinical isolates across multiple species supports the hypothesis that multidrug resistant strains can persist in the hospital environment for extended periods (>8 years) to opportunistically infect patients. These findings highlight the importance of characterizing antibiotic resistance reservoirs in the hospital environment and establishes the feasibility of systematic genomic surveys to help target resources more efficiently for preventing HAIs.

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Efficiency of combined action of antimicrobial preparations against poly-resistant strains of conditionally-pathogenic bacteria isolated from wounds of surgery patients

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/022060 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

Author(s):

T. V. Sklyar ◽

K. V. Lavrentievа ◽

O. M. Rudas ◽

О. V. Bilotserkivska ◽

N. V. Kurahina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Simultaneous Application ◽

Strategic Approach ◽

Resistant Strains

The strategy of use of combination therapy of antibacterial preparations is being broadly introduced to clinical practice to fight bacterial infections caused by poly-resistant strains of microorganisms. From the wounds of surgery patients, we isolated 67 clinical strains of conditionally-pathogenic bacteria identified as Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniaе, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using disk diffusion method, the isolated bacterial strains were found to be most resistant to penicillin preparations: ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanat; tetracycline and cephalosporin of the II generation – cefoxitin. The percentage of strains insusceptible to these antibacterial preparations accounted for 65.0%. The division of antibiotic-resistant cultures regarding phenotype groups according to the level of their antibiotic resistance allowed determination of 4 PDR-, 8 XDR- and 14 MDR-strains. During the studies on experimental determining of MIC of antibiotic and antiseptics in the condition of applying them as monopreparations against isolated bacterial cultures, we saw significant exceess in the threshold values of MIC, and, first of all, regarding pandrug-resistant and extensive drug-resistant clinical microbial isolates. Use of combinations of antibacterial preparations was found to show the synergic effect of antibiotics (ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, gentamicin) and antiseptics (chlorhexidine, decasan), which is expressed in simultaneous decrease in MIC of each of the tested preparations by 2–8 times compared with their isolative application. Such combinatory approach regarding simultaneous application of antibacterial preparations may be considered as one of the most promising ways to combat poly-resistant clinical isolates of conditionally-pathogenic microorganisms and to offer a new strategic approach to prevention of spread of antibiotic resistance as a phenomenon in medical practice.

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Virulence-determinants and antibiotic-resistance genes of MDR-E. coli isolated from secondary infections following FMD-outbreak in cattle

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-75914-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdelazeem M. Algammal ◽

Helal F. Hetta ◽

Gaber E. Batiha ◽

Wael N. Hozzein ◽

Waleed M. El Kazzaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

E Coli ◽

Secondary Infections ◽

Random Samples

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, multidrug-resistance traits, PCR-detection of virulence, and antibiotic-resistance genes of E. coli isolated from secondary infections following FMD-outbreak in cattle. A total of 160 random samples were gathered from private dairy farms in Damietta Province, Egypt. The specimens were subjected to bacteriological examination, serotyping, congo-red binding assay, antibiogram-testing, and PCR-monitoring of virulence-determinant genes (tsh, phoA, hly, eaeA, sta, and lt) as well as the antibiotic-resistance genes (blaTEM, blaKPC, and blaCTX). The prevalence of E. coli was 30% (n = 48) distributed in 8 serogroups (40/48, 83.3%), while 8 isolates (8/48, 16.6%) were untypable. Besides, 83.3% of the examined isolates were positive for CR-binding. The tested strains harbored the virulence genes phoA, hly, tsh, eaeA, sta, and lt with a prevalence of 100% and 50%, 45.8%, 25%, 8.4%, and 6.2%, respectively. Furthermore, 50% of the recovered strains were multidrug-resistant (MDR) to penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, and are harboring the blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaKPC genes. Moreover, 25% of the examined strains are resistant to penicillins, and cephalosporins, and are harboring the blaTEM and blaCTX genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the E. coli secondary bacterial infections following the FMD-outbreak. The emergence of MDR strains is considered a public health threat and indicates complicated treatment and bad prognosis of infections caused by such strains. Colistin sulfate and levofloxacin have a promising in vitro activity against MDR-E. coli.

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Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10080930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 930

Author(s):

Delia Gambino ◽

Sonia Sciortino ◽

Sergio Migliore ◽

Lucia Galuppo ◽

Roberto Puleio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Low Prevalence

The presence of Salmonella spp. in marine animals is a consequence of contamination from terrestrial sources (human activities and animals). Bacteria present in marine environments, including Salmonella spp., can be antibiotic resistant or harbor resistance genes. In this study, Salmonella spp. detection was performed on 176 marine animals stranded in the Sicilian coasts (south Italy). Antibiotic susceptibility, by disk diffusion method and MIC determination, and antibiotic resistance genes, by molecular methods (PCR) of the Salmonella spp. strains, were evaluated. We isolated Salmonella spp. in three animals, though no pathological signs were detected. Our results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. (1.7%) and a low incidence of phenotypic resistance in three Salmonella spp. strains isolated. Indeed, of the three strains, only Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from S. coeruleoalba and M. mobular showed phenotypic resistance: the first to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole, while the latter only to sulphamethoxazole. However, all strains harbored resistance genes (blaTEM, blaOXA, tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), sulI, and sulII). Although the low prevalence of Salmonella spp. found in this study does not represent a relevant health issue, our data contribute to the collection of information on the spread of ARGs, elements involved in antibiotic resistance, now considered a zoonosis in a One Health approach.

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