scholarly journals The Credit Asset of Enterprise Accounts Receivable Pricing Model

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Deshun Xu ◽  
Junhai Ma
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Default Probability ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
Loss Given Default ◽  
Accounts Receivable ◽  
Kmv Model ◽  
Management Technology ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
Control Management

Based on the thinking of holism and reductionism, this paper creatively constructed the credit asset pricing model of enterprises’ accounts receivable, namely, the BEST pricing model, and it was demonstrated effectively. The model gave an overall evaluation on the default probability of buyer and environment, as well as buyer loss given default resulting from the factors including Seller (S), Buyer (B), and Environment (E). The model is also utilized with the optimal control management Technology (T) to maximize the intrinsic value of the credit asset. The paper put forward the Duration of accounts receivable aging, measurement method of dynamic free interest rate, and amended the KMV model to solve the default probability of accounts receivable of listed and nonlisted companies. To evaluate the credit asset risk, the following were selected: three effective financial indicators, seven nonfinancial index clusters, and sixty-three specific nonfinancial index variables of the buyer; one index and eight specific indicators of the seller; and one index and fourteen specific indicators of nonsystematic risk of the environment. Five appropriate hedge parameters are used to control the risk.

scholarly journals An Application of KMV Model to Forecast the Credit Risk of Corporate Customers andBank’s Expected Losses

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-81
Author(s):  
Canh Nguyen Thi ◽  
Khoa Pham Chi
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Default Probability ◽  
Merton Model ◽  
Kmv Model ◽  
Seafood Processing ◽  
Corporate Customers ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

The research aims to apply KMV-Merton model to calculate and forecast default probability (DP) among corporate customers of Vietcombank. Analyzing data from financial statements of 6,398 corporate customers in the years 2008–2012/2013, the research shows that the DP of the whole customer portfolio is 2.6%, equaling a loss of VND6,319 billion, or 3.8% of outstanding loans to the portfolio. The results also show that small-sized companies have smaller DP as compared to larger ones. Regarding industries, the lowest DP is found in road and waterway transport business, and the highest is in electricity (including production, transmission and distribution), production of other kinds of power, and seafood processing business. Industries with high DP and outstanding loans may cause the greatest damage to banks. The research concludes that large-sized companies and seafood processing enterprises cause the greatest losses to banks.

scholarly journals Application of Credit Risk Management Model in Chinese Banks

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Haojie Chen ◽  
Ng Sin Huei ◽  
Lew Shian Loong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Default Probability ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Credit Risk Management ◽  
Kmv Model ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Chinese Banks ◽  
A Company

The main objective of this paper is to perform empirical analysis and research on the KMV and Zeta models, discussing whether banks in China could adopt both models in their credit risk management practices. In order to measure credit risk, the KMV model focuses on “Expected Default Probability” (EDP) that is calculated using Black-Scholes Option Pricing Formula. On the other hand, the Zeta Model focuses on determining the probability of a company going bankrupt two years prior to the event. Previous research on risk management has shown that the primary risk the banks generally face is credit risk as an increasingly greater number of banks suffer losses because of credit issues. This paper therefore aims to add to the existing literature a strong case for the relevance of both the KMV and Zeta models to be considered in the topic of banks’ credit risk management.

scholarly journals Determination of Default Probability by Loss Given Default

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Misankova ◽  
Erika Spuchľakova ◽  
Katarina Frajtova – Michalikova
Keyword(s):  
Default Probability ◽  
Loss Given Default

scholarly journals The Sunk Cost and the Real Option Pricing Model

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songsong Li ◽  
Yinglong Zhang ◽  
Xuefeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Option Pricing ◽  
Real Options ◽  
Real Option ◽  
Value Function ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
Sunk Cost ◽  
Financial Options ◽  
Real Option Pricing ◽  
Option Pricing Model

Although the academic literature on real options has grown enormously over the past three decades, hitherto an accurate real option pricing model has not been developed for investment decision analyses. In this paper, we propose a real option pricing model based on sunk cost characteristics, which can estimate the value of real options more accurately. First, we explore the distinctive features that distinguish real options from financial options. The study shows that the distinguishing feature of the real options is the sunk cost, which does not exist in the financial options. Based on the sunk cost characteristic of real options, we find that the exercise conditions of real and financial options are different. Second, we introduce the sunk cost into the intrinsic value function of real options and establish a new real option pricing model. Finally, this paper also discusses the properties of the intrinsic value function and pricing model of real options. We find that the application of the Black–Scholes option pricing model will overestimate the value of real options.

scholarly journals Analisis Fundamental Laporan Keuangan pada PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk (UNVR) terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atikah Laili Mukrimatin
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Earnings Per Share ◽  
Price Earnings Ratio ◽  
Investment Choices

The purpose of this study was to evaluate investment choices by analyzing PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk's financial statements for the 2016-2020 period using the Price Earnings Ratio (PER) methods. Fundamental analysis was used to determine intrinsic value in the context of an investment decision using financial indicators such as Return on Equity (ROE), Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), Earnings per Share (EPS), Dividend per Share (DPS), and Price Earnings Ratio (EPS). The data was obtained using secondary data from PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk's annual report for the period 2016-2020. The results of this study suggest that, based on the analysis of the intrinsic value of the Q2 2021 market price, PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk is an undervalued stock, and that investment decisions should be made by purchasing shares.

scholarly journals Business and Financial Indicators: What are the Determinants of Default Probability Changes?

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Couderc ◽  
Olivier M. Renault
Keyword(s):  
Default Probability ◽  
Financial Indicators

Budget Model Formation Tools for Activity and Project-Based Budgeting

Upravlenie ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Траченко ◽  
Marina Trachenko ◽  
Мищенко ◽  
L. Mishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Management Technology ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Balanced Scorecards ◽  
Implementation Time ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
Model Formation

Activity-based budgeting (ABB) and project-based budgeting (project budgeting) are important trends of budgeting at an enterprise level. The paper authors have systematized factors of formation for directions of the activity-based and project-based budgeting, have characterized these directions’ budget models and revealed their specific features. The main specific features of activity-based budgeting model are the matrix (or more complex, multidimensional) structure of the budget model, interrelation of business processes’ budget items with key performance indicators and balanced scorecards (thus the model focused on strategy), simultaneous incorporation of financial indicators describing a business process into the budgets of business processes, budgets of CFR (Centers for Financial Responsibility) units, or project budgets, and a number of other specific features. The most important particulars of the project-based budgeting model is the integration of master budgets, operational and support budgets with project budgets within a budget model, the use of project budgets as a link between project management and budgeting as a management technology, and others particulars. The paper authors have developed a tool for the ABB budget model formation, which includes two algorithms. The first one is the algorithm for ABB model formation based on the budgets of CFR acting as expense providers, from the perspective of CFR units. The algorithm relies on the budgets of expense-providing Centers for Financial Responsibility. These Centers control the expenses of all CFR by certain business processes and items. The second one is the algorithm for the more detailed ABB model formation based on the budgets of business processes that are structured for analytical purposes (other than CFR units). This algorithm is intended for building a more detailed ABB model and implies the allocation of analytical sections like “CFR”, “Business Processes” and other analytics. It has been proposed to use a standard project budget a as a tool to solve the problem of matching the individual projects implementation time with the budget period. The standard budget is developed for the project’s entire life, in conjunction with the Project Budget, the indicators of which describe the project in a certain budget period.

EVALUATION OF FACTORING IN THE COMPANY´S ACTIVITIES IN TRANSPORT SERVICE

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Татьяна Гараева ◽  
Tatyana Garaeva ◽  
Людмила Згонник ◽  
Lyudmila Zgonnik ◽  
Инесса Романовна Романова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Transport Service ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Accounts Receivable ◽  
Service Company ◽  
Company Limited ◽  
Accounts Payable ◽  
The Impact

The article presents an analysis of the factoring services market at the national and global levels, and identifies the main factoring market development trends. Based on the material of transport service company, limited liability company "Fairway", the authors substantiate the economic efficiency of factoring as a tool for replenishment of circulating assets of transport companies in the current economic conditions. Accumulation by factoring a number of functions is an important advantage over other forms of funding. This is especially important for small and medium-sized businesses in sphere of transport service that do not have sufficient volume of human and financial resources. Factoring allows to avoid a situation where the liability to tax on income appears before inflow of funds from the sale. Greater incentive for the factoring development for tax optimization is applying of a similar approach to the determination of the date of VAT payment. Funding within the factoring will allow Fairway to solve the problem of shortage of working capital without growth of accounts payable. Factoring has a positive effect on the financial indicators of an enterprise, such as liquidity and solvency. In general, the impact of factoring on the financial indicators of the transport service company "Fairway" is carried out by means of reduction of accounts receivable turnover period (shortening of the financial cycle), increasing the receivables turnover (number of turnovers), the reduction of the value of accounts receivable (release), more efficient use of working capital, increasing the coefficient of instant liquidity, reducing the tax base for income tax.

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