Physical-Chemical Characterization and Mineralogic Analysis of Hydrothermal Systems Located in the Coconuco and the San Juan Sectors in Cauca, Colombia

Hot springs of the volcanic zones are characterized for having high sulfur content in the form of sulphate and other ions resulting from chemical reactions. Sources with these types of elements are of great interest for the tourism and geothermal industry because of their highlighted properties which include therapeutic treatments, relaxation baths, agricultural applications, and preservation of flora and fauna among others. For these reasons, research oriented to carry out the characterization of these factors is of great importance to determine the availability of places with such characteristics. This work shows the characterization of 17 hot spring sources located in the Coconuco and San Juan sectors (Cauca, Colombia, South America). Water samples were taken in May 2017, and laboratory analyses were carried out by the Water Laboratory at Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Manizales, based on the Standard Methods (APHA-AWWA-WEF). Rock samples were taken in November 2017, and laboratory analyses were carried out by the GMAS+ Laboratory (Bogotá, Colombia). The Piper, Stiff, and ternary (Giggenbach) diagrams were used for the classification of major ions. Mineralogy composition was determined through XRD and XRF. Results indicate that most sources are of the sulphated type according to the anions and of the calcium type according to the cations. In concordance with Giggenbach diagrams, most of the sources are immature waters and, despite their interaction with rocks, they have not achieved the equilibrium. Likewise, these sources are of heated vapor type and, considering that they consist of sulphated acid sources, it is not possible to evaluate the reservoir temperatures from Na/K cations. The low Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in the sources indicates the lack of direct migration of fluids and the high content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ regarding Na+ and K+, which suggests that fluids possibly are mixed with cold waters rich in Ca2+ and Mg2+. From the mineralogic characterization, it was observed that volcanic rocks are composed of cristobalite and albite with TiO2, Fe2O3, and CaO traces and mineral sulfur. Metals like Cr, considered in this case as contaminants, are found in low concentrations in rocks and are not detected in these waters.

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Chemical characterization of rainwater at Akkalkuwa, India

MAUSAM ◽

10.54302/mausam.v62i3.320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 425-432

Author(s):

P.R. SALVE ◽

T. GOBRE ◽

R.J. KRUPADAM ◽

S. SHASTRY ◽

A. BANSIWAL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Major Ions ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Relative Magnitude ◽

Southwest Monsoon ◽

Neutralization Factor ◽

Major Anions ◽

Major Factors ◽

Cloud Process

The chemical composition of rainwater changes from place to place and region to region under the influence of several major factors, viz., topography, its distance from sea and overall rainfall pattern. The present study investigated the chemical composition of precipitation at Akkalkuwa, district Nandurbar, in the State Maharashtra during southwest monsoon. The rainwater samples were collected on event basis during June-September 2008 and were analyzed for pH, major anions (F, Cl, NO3, SO4) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4). The pH varied from 6.0 and 6.8 with an average of 6.29 ± 0.23 indicating alkaline nature and dominance of Ca in precipitation. The relative magnitude of major ions in precipitation follows the pattern as Ca>Cl>Na>SO4>NO3>HCO3>NH4>Mg>K>F>H. The Neutralization factor (NF) was found to be NFCa = 0.95, NFNH4 = 0.31, NFMg = 0.27 and NFK = 0.08 indicating below cloud process in which crustal components are responsible for neutralization of anions. Significant correlation of NH4 with SO4 and NO3 was observed with correlation coefficient of r = 0.79 and 0.75, respectively.

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Magnetotactic bacteria in Tengchong hot springs, China

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12310 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jia Liu ◽

Wensi Zhang ◽

Fang Yuan ◽

Yongxin Pan ◽

Wei Lin

Keyword(s):

Hot Springs ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Extreme Environments ◽

Magnetotactic Bacteria ◽

Origin And Evolution ◽

Water Columns ◽

Genomic Analyses ◽

Ph Range ◽

Identification And Characterization

<p>Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) biomineralize intracellular magnetic nanocrystals and can use the geomagnetic field to navigate towards specific microenvironments in water columns and sediments. MTB are a model system to study the mechanisms of microbial magnetoreception and biomineralization. The majority of MTB identified so far are from environments with pH values near neutral and at the normal range of temperature. MTB from extreme environments, such as hot springs, has not been observed and described until recently. However, our knowledge on extremophilic MTB is still very limited. Here we report the identification and characterization of various MTB in Tengchong hot springs, China, with a temperature range of 41.3-69.5 &#176;C and a pH range of 7.1-8.6. Although MTB are diverse in cell morphology, they all form bullet-shaped magnetite magnetosomes organized into either one chain or multiple bundles of chains. Through genome-resolved metagenomics, we have reconstructed five genome bins of hot spring MTB that are all affiliated within the <em>Nitrspirae</em> phylum. Genomic analyses and metabolic reconstructions are now in progress. These results will help to better understand the extremophilic MTB and may shed new lights on the origin and evolution of microbial magnetoreception and biomineralization.</p>

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Molecular characterization of hot spring cyanobacteria and evaluation of their photoprotective compounds

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w2012-044 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 719-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Rajesh P. Rastogi ◽

Sunita Kumari ◽

Richa ◽

Taejun Han ◽

Rajeshwar P. Sinha

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

High Performance ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Polar Compounds ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Highly Polar Compounds ◽

The 16S Rrna Gene

Phylogenetic analysis of 4 cyanobacterial strains isolated from hot springs in Rajgir, India, was carried out using the 16S rRNA gene (1400 bp). These strains were identified as members of Chroococcales ( Cyanothece sp. strain HKAR-1) and Nostocales ( Nostoc sp. strain HKAR-2, Scytonema sp. strain HKAR-3, and Rivularia sp. strain HKAR-4). Furthermore, we evaluated the presence of ultraviolet-screening and (or) photoprotective compounds, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and scytonemin, in these cyanobacteria by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Well-characterized MAAs, including the critical and highly polar compounds shinorine, porphyra-334, and mycosporine-glycine, as well as several unknown MAAs, were found in these hot-spring-inhabiting microorganisms. The presence of scytonemin was detected only in Scytonema sp. strain HKAR-3 and Rivularia sp. strain HKAR-4. The results indicate that hot spring cyanobacteria, namely Cyanothece, Nostoc, Scytonema, and Rivularia, belonging to different groups possess various photoprotective compounds to cope up with the negative impacts of damaging radiations.

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Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Sphingoid Bases Utilized for Exploring the Secrets of Sphinx

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22158171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 8171

Author(s):

Essa M. Saied ◽

Christoph Arenz

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membranes ◽

Stereoselective Synthesis ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Great Promise ◽

Sphingoid Bases ◽

Animal Physiology ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Derivatives Of

Sphingolipids are ubiquitous in eukaryotic plasma membranes and play major roles in human and animal physiology and disease. This class of lipids is usually defined as being derivatives of sphingosine, a long-chain 1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino alcohol. Various pathological conditions such as diabetes or neuropathy have been associated with changes in the sphingolipidome and an increased biosynthesis of structurally altered non-canonical sphingolipid derivatives. These unusual or non-canonical sphingolipids hold great promise as potential diagnostic markers. However, due to their low concentrations and the unavailability of suitable standards, the research to explore the secret of this class of ‘Sphinx’ lipids is ultimately hampered. Therefore, the development of efficient and facile syntheses of standard compounds is a key endeavor. Here, we present various chemical approaches for stereoselective synthesis and in-depth chemical characterization of a set of novel sphingoid bases which were recently utilized as valuable tools to explore the metabolism and biophysical properties of sphingolipids, but also to develop efficient analytical methods for their detection and quantification.

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Geochemical and metagenomic characterization of Jinata Onsen, a Proterozoic-analog hot spring, reveals novel microbial diversity including iron-tolerant phototrophs and thermophilic lithotrophs

10.1101/428698 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lewis M. Ward ◽

Airi Idei ◽

Mayuko Nakagawa ◽

Yuichiro Ueno ◽

Woodward W. Fischer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Microbial Communities ◽

Ferrous Iron ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Oxygenic Photosynthesis ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Geochemical Conditions

AbstractHydrothermal systems, including terrestrial hot springs, contain diverse geochemical conditions that vary over short spatial scales due to progressive interaction between the reducing hydrothermal fluids, the oxygenated atmosphere, and in some cases seawater. At Jinata Onsen, on Shikinejima Island, Japan, an intertidal, anoxic, iron-rich hot spring mixes with the oxygenated atmosphere and seawater over short spatial scales, creating a diversity of chemical potentials and redox pairs over a distance ~10 m. We characterized the geochemical conditions along the outflow of Jinata Onsen as well as the microbial communities present in biofilms, mats, and mineral crusts along its traverse via 16S rDNA amplicon and genome-resolved shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The microbial community changed significantly downstream as temperatures and dissolved iron concentrations decreased and dissolved oxygen increased. Near the spring source, biomass is limited relative to downstream, and primary productivity may be fueled by oxidation of ferrous iron and molecular hydrogen by members of the Zetaproteobacteria and Aquificae. Downstream, the microbial community is dominated by oxygenic Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are abundant and active even at ferrous iron concentrations of ~150 μM, which challenges the idea that iron toxicity limited cyanobacterial expansion in Precambrian oceans. Several novel lineages of Bacteria are also present at Jinata Onsen, including previously uncharacterized members of the Chloroflexi and Caldithrichaeota phyla, positioning Jinata Onsen as a valuable site for future characterization of these clades.ImportanceHigh temperatures and reducing conditions allow hot springs to support microbial communities that are very different from those found elsewhere on the surface of the Earth today; in some ways, these environments and the communities they support can be similar to environments that existed on the early Earth and that may exist on other planets. Here, we describe a novel hot spring system where hot, iron-rich but oxygen-poor water flows into the ocean, supporting a range of unique microbial communities. Metagenomic sequencing recovered many novel microbial lineages, including deep-branching and uniquely thermotolerant members of known groups. Comparison of the biological communities in the upstream part of the hot spring, potentially supported by biological iron and hydrogen oxidizing metabolisms, to downstream microbial mats, supported by oxygenic photosynthesis, provides insight into the potential productivity of life during Proterozoic time and on other planets where oxygenic photosynthesis is not possible.

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Fluid Geochemistry of Fault Zone Hydrothermal System in the Yidun-Litang Area, Eastern Tibetan Plateau Geothermal Belt

Geofluids ◽

10.1155/2018/6872563 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yanyan Hou ◽

Zheming Shi ◽

Wenqing Mu

Keyword(s):

Tibetan Plateau ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Hydrothermal Systems ◽

Significant Shift ◽

Eastern Tibetan Plateau ◽

Reservoir Temperature ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

Geothermal Potential ◽

Type Water

The geochemical and geothermal characteristics of hydrothermal systems in an area are useful information to appropriately evaluate the geothermal potential. In this paper, we investigated the chemical and isotopic composition of thermal water in an underexploited geothermal belt, Yidun-Litang area, in eastern Tibetan Plateau. 24 hot spring samples from the Yidun and Litang area were collected and analyzed. The water chemical types of the hot springs are mainly Na-HCO3-type water. Water-rock interaction and cation exchange and mixture are the dominant hydrogeochemical processes in the hydrothermal evolution. The significant shift of D and 18O isotopes from the GMWL indicates that these springs have undergone subsurface boiling before rising to the surface. Different ratios of Cl to other conservation species can be found for the springs in Litang and Yidun areas, suggesting the different heat sources of the two hydrothermal systems. The reservoir temperature in the Yidun area is around 230°C while the reservoir temperature in the Litang area is around 200°C. Both hydrothermal systems are recharged by the meteoric water and are heated by the different deep, thermally and topographically driven convection heat along faults and undergoing subsurface boiling before going back to the surface.

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LC–HRMS and Chemical Derivatization Strategies for the Structure Elucidation of Caribbean Ciguatoxins: Identification of C-CTX-3 and -4

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18040182 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 182 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fedor Kryuchkov ◽

Alison Robertson ◽

Christopher O. Miles ◽

Elizabeth M. Mudge ◽

Silvio Uhlig

Keyword(s):

Chemical Characterization ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Chemical Derivatization ◽

Oxidation Reactions ◽

Structural Modifications ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Simple Chemical ◽

Product Ions ◽

Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation

Ciguatera poisoning is linked to the ingestion of seafood that is contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The structural variability of these polyether toxins in nature remains poorly understood due to the low concentrations present even in highly toxic fish, which makes isolation and chemical characterization difficult. We studied the mass spectrometric fragmentation of Caribbean CTXs, i.e., the epimers C-CTX-1 and -2 (1 and 2), using a sensitive UHPLC–HRMS/MS approach in order to identify product ions of diagnostic value. We found that the fragmentation of the ladder-frame backbone follows a characteristic pattern and propose a generalized nomenclature for the ions formed. These data were applied to the structural characterization of a pair of so far poorly characterized isomers, C-CTX-3 and -4 (3 and 4), which we found to be reduced at C-56 relative to 1 and 2. Furthermore, we tested and applied reduction and oxidation reactions, monitored by LC–HRMS, in order to confirm the structures of 3 and 4. Reduction of 1 and 2 with NaBH4 afforded 3 and 4, thereby unambiguously confirming the identities of 3 and 4. In summary, this work provides a foundation for mass spectrometry-based characterization of new C-CTXs, including a suite of simple chemical reactions to assist the examination of structural modifications.

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Molecular Characterization of Novel Red Green Nonsulfur Bacteria from Five Distinct Hot Spring Communities in Yellowstone National Park

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.68.1.346-355.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 346-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Sarah M. Boomer ◽

Daniel P. Lodge ◽

Bryan E. Dutton ◽

Beverly Pierson

Keyword(s):

Yellowstone National Park ◽

National Park ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Site Specificity ◽

Absorption Bands ◽

Specific Primers ◽

In Vivo Absorption

ABSTRACT We characterized and compared five geographically isolated hot springs with distinct red-layer communities in Yellowstone National Park. Individual red-layer communities were observed to thrive in temperatures ranging from 35 to 60°C and at pH 7 to 9. All communities were dominated by red filamentous bacteria and contained bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a), suggesting that they represented novel green nonsulfur (GNS) bacteria. The in vivo absorption spectra of individual sites were different, with two sites showing unusual Bchl a protein absorption bands beyond 900 nm. We prepared and analyzed 16S rRNA libraries from all of these sites by using a combination of general bacterial primers and new GNS-specific primers described here. These studies confirmed the presence of novel GNS-like bacteria in all five communities. All GNS-like clones were most similar to Roseiflexus castenholzii, a red filamentous bacterium from Japan that also contains only Bchl a. Phylogenies constructed by using GNS-like clones from Yellowstone red-layer communities suggest the presence of a moderately diverse new “red” cluster within the GNS lineage. Within this cluster, at least two well-supported subclusters emerged: YRL-A was most similar to Roseiflexus and YRL-B appeared to be novel, containing no known isolates. While these patterns showed some site specificity, they did not correlate with observed Bchl a spectrum differences or obvious features of the habitat.

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Use of cooling tower blow down in ethanol fermentation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.507 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (10) ◽

pp. 2263-2269 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Rajagopalan ◽

V. Singh ◽

B. Panno ◽

M. Wilcoxon

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Cooling Tower ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Production Costs ◽

Blow Down ◽

Good Tolerance ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Residual Glucose ◽

Control Study

Reducing water consumption in bioethanol production conserves an increasingly scarce natural resource, lowers production costs, and minimizes effluent management issues. The suitability of cooling tower blow down water for reuse in fermentation was investigated as a means to lower water consumption. Extensive chemical characterization of the blow down water revealed low concentrations of toxic elements and total dissolved solids. Fermentation carried out with cooling tower blow down water resulted in similar levels of ethanol and residual glucose as a control study using deionized water. The study noted good tolerance by yeast to the specific scale and corrosion inhibitors found in the cooling tower blow down water. This research indicates that, under appropriate conditions, reuse of blow down water from cooling towers in fermentation is feasible.

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Archaeal and Bacterial Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether Lipids in Hot Springs of Yellowstone National Park

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00630-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 73 (19) ◽

pp. 6181-6191 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Stefan Schouten ◽

Marcel T. J. van der Meer ◽

Ellen C. Hopmans ◽

W. Irene C. Rijpstra ◽

Anna-Louise Reysenbach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellowstone National Park ◽

National Park ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Membrane Lipids ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Ph Values ◽

Group I ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Tetraether Lipids

ABSTRACTGlycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are core membrane lipids originally thought to be produced mainly by (hyper)thermophilic archaea. Environmental screening of low-temperature environments showed, however, the abundant presence of structurally diverse GDGTs from both bacterial and archaeal sources. In this study, we examined the occurrences and distribution of GDGTs in hot spring environments in Yellowstone National Park with high temperatures (47 to 83°C) and mostly neutral to alkaline pHs. GDGTs with 0 to 4 cyclopentane moieties were dominant in all samples and are likely derived from both (hyper)thermophilicCrenarchaeotaandEuryarchaeota. GDGTs with 4 to 8 cyclopentane moieties, likely derived from the crenarchaeotal orderSulfolobalesand the euryarchaeotal orderThermoplasmatales, are usually present in much lower abundance, consistent with the relatively high pH values of the hot springs. The relative abundances of cyclopentane-containing GDGTs did not correlate with in situ temperature and pH, suggesting that other environmental and possibly genetic factors play a role as well. Crenarchaeol, a biomarker thought to be specific for nonthermophilic group ICrenarchaeota, was also found in most hot springs, though in relatively low concentrations, i.e., <5% of total GDGTs. Its abundance did not correlate with temperature, as has been reported previously. Instead, the cooccurrence of relatively abundant nonisoprenoid GDGTs thought to be derived from soil bacteria suggests a predominantly allochthonous source for crenarchaeol in these hot spring environments. Finally, the distribution of bacterial branched GDGTs suggests that they may be derived from the geothermally heated soils surrounding the hot springs.

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