scholarly journals Cross-Country Comparisons of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among 5-Year-Old Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Kerry L. McIver ◽  
Russell R. Pate ◽  
Marsha Dowda ◽  
Suzanne Bennett Johnson ◽  
Jimin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The U.S

Purpose. Previous studies have observed that physical activity (PA) levels tend to be lower in the U.S. population than in many other countries. Within the U.S., PA levels in children are lower in the South than in other regions. Cross-country and interregional differences in PA have not been studied in young children. Methods. In an ongoing study of children at genetic risk for Type 1 diabetes, PA was measured by accelerometry in samples of 5-year-old children (n=2008) from Finland (n=370), Germany (n=85), Sweden (n=706), and the U.S. (n=847). The U.S. sample was drawn from centers in Washington State, Colorado, and Georgia/Florida. Children wore accelerometers for 7 days, and the data were reduced to daily minutes of light-, moderate- (MPA), vigorous- (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous- (MVPA) intensity PA and sedentary behavior. Multiple regression was used to compare children across countries and across regions in the U.S, adjusting for wear time, body mass index, and demographic characteristics. Results. After adjusting for previously mentioned factors, MVPA and MPA were lower in U.S. children than those in Finland and Sweden. Estimates of physical activity were higher in Finland than in other countries, although not all comparisons were significantly different. U.S children spent significantly more time in sedentary behavior than children in Finland (p<0.0001). Within the U.S., children’s PA was consistently lowest in Georgia/Florida and highest in Washington. Conclusions. Cross-country differences in PA, previously reported for adults and adolescents, are evident in 5-year-old children. In general, PA levels are lower in U.S. children than their European counterparts, and within the U.S., are lower in Georgia/Florida and Colorado than in Washington. Future studies should be designed to identify the factors that explain these differences.

ENTRY COSTS, FINANCIAL FRICTIONS, AND CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES IN INCOME AND TFP

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 884-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-hadj Bah ◽  
Lei Fang
Keyword(s):  
Financial Market ◽  
Financial Frictions ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Entry Costs ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The U.S

This paper develops a model to assess the quantitative effects of entry costs and financial frictions on cross-country income and total factor productivity (TFP) differences, with a primary focus on the interaction between entry costs and financial frictions. The model is calibrated to match the establishment-level statistics for the U.S. economy, assuming a perfect financial market. The simulations based on the calibrated model show that entry costs and financial frictions together account for 55% and 46% of the cross-country variation in output and TFP in the data. Moreover, a substantial portion of the variation is accounted for by the interaction between entry costs and financial frictions. The main mechanism is that financial frictions amplify the effect of entry costs.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Research in Indonesian Youth: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7665
Author(s):  
Fitria D. Andriyani ◽  
Stuart J.H. Biddle ◽  
Novita I. Arovah ◽  
Katrien De Cocker
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
School Level ◽  
High School Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: This study aimed to map physical activity and sedentary behaviour research trends, designs, and topics for Indonesian youth. Methods: This review conforms to the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).” A systematic search on eight platforms was performed in August 2018 and was updated in April 2020. Results: From 10,753 documents screened, 166 met the selection criteria. Over half of the studies were cross-sectional, and the majority utilized self-reported measurements (physical activity: 81.1%, sedentary behavior: 88.5%). More than two-thirds of the studies examined physical activity only (67.5%). The top three subtopics reported were prevalence/measurement, correlates, and outcomes of physical activity (28%, 24.6%, and 17%, respectively). The prevalence of “sufficient” physical activity ranges between 12.2% and 52.3%, while the prevalence of sedentary behavior ≥3 h per day ranges between 24.5% and 33.8%. Conclusions: Future studies need to focus more on intervention and validation, and research needs to be conducted more with nationally representative samples and on youth at the junior high school level. Future studies need to investigate more on psychological, cognitive, affective, social, cultural, and environmental correlates, and in-depth personal views of physical activity and sedentary behavior. More studies using device-based measurements, longitudinal designs, as well as qualitative and mixed-methods approaches are warranted.

Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Early Markers of Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: The CARDEA Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. S30
Author(s):  
Soren Harnois-Leblanc ◽  
Vanessa Mcnealis ◽  
Matthias Friedrich ◽  
Andraea Van Hulst ◽  
Anne Monique Nuyt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Early Markers

scholarly journals The Yankees of Europe? A New View on Technology and Productivity in German Manufacturing in the Early Twentieth Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 874-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel P. Timmer ◽  
Joost Veenstra ◽  
Pieter J. Woltjer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Manufacturing Performance ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The U.S

Labor productivity in German manufacturing lagged persistently behind the United States in the early twentieth century. Traditionally, this is attributed to dichotomous technology paths across the Atlantic. However, various industry case studies suggest rapid diffusion of U.S. technologies in Germany. We develop a novel decomposition framework based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to reconcile these findings. We conclude that by 1936 inefficient assimilation of modern production techniques—and not the use of different techniques—accounted for most of the U.S./German labor-productivity gap. Our findings call for a reappraisal of the drivers behind cross-country differences in manufacturing performance.

scholarly journals Objective Measurement of 24-Hour Movement Behaviors in Preschool Children Using Wrist-Worn and Thigh-Worn Accelerometers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9482
Author(s):  
Marieke De Craemer ◽  
Marga Decraene ◽  
Iris Willems ◽  
Feija Buysse ◽  
Ellen Van Driessche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Future Studies

In recent years, more attention has been paid towards the study of 24-h movement behaviors (including physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and sleep) in preschoolers instead of studying these behaviors in isolation. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using wrist- vs. thigh-worn accelerometers and to report accelerometer-derived metrics of 24-h movement behaviors in preschoolers. A convenience sample of 16 preschoolers (50.0% boys, 4.35 years) and one of their parents were recruited for this study. Preschoolers had to wear the ActivPAL accelerometer (attached to the upper thigh) and Axivity accelerometer (using a wrist band) simultaneously for 7 consecutive days and for 24 h a day. Parents completed an acceptability survey. In total, 16 preschoolers (100.0%) had a minimum of 6 days of valid wrist-worn data, while only 10 preschoolers (62.5%) had a minimum of 6 days of valid thigh-worn data (p = 0.002). When looking at the acceptability, 81.3% of parents indicated that it was easy for their child to wear the Axivity for 7 consecutive days, and 93.8% of parents indicated so for the ActivPAL (p = 0.88). However, some parents stated that the wristband of the Axivity accelerometer was big, which might have affected data collection. Significant differences were found for the measurement of total volume of PA, SB and sleep across 24 h. Total PA was 464.44 min/day (±64.00) with the ActivPAL compared with 354.94 min/day (±57.46) with the Axivity (p < 0.001). The volume of SB was 290.94 min/day (±55.05) with the ActivPAL compared with 440.50 min/day (±50.01) with the Axivity (p < 0.001). The total volume of sleep was also significantly different between both devices (p = 0.001; ActivPAL: 684.63 min/day ± 51.96; Axivity: 645.69 min/day ± 46.78). Overall, parents perceived both devices to be feasible to use for preschoolers. However, future studies are required to validate both devices for the measurement of preschoolers’ 24-h movement behaviors since significant differences in the classification of PA, SB and sleep were found in this small sample.

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