Evaluation of Commercial Disinfectants against Staphylococcus lentus and Micrococcus spp. of Poultry Origin

Introduction. Effective sanitation strategies for poultry farms require an appropriate selection of the disinfectant based on the contaminants present and their sensitivity to the disinfectants. Aim. The current study investigated the prevalence of streptococci/micrococci in poultry farms of Bangladesh and the efficacy of commercial disinfectants (Savlon, Lysol, Quatovet, Virkon S, and Virocid) along with alcohol against these pathogens to adopt appropriate strategies. Materials and Methods. Conventional approaches and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to confirm the isolates at the species level along with microtiter biofilm assay to determine their biofilm-forming ability. Efficacy of the disinfectants was tested against those isolates using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test by broth dilution method using different dilutions of the disinfectants. Results. Staphylococcus lentus (n = 32), Micrococcus luteus (n = 7), and Micrococcus aloeverae (n = 4) were confirmed among 102 presumptively screened streptococci/micrococci isolates from 43 samples. No single disinfectant showed equally high efficacy against all three bacterial species in agar well diffusion test, although Virocid showed the lowest MIC against all three of them. Lysol was least effective among the commercial disinfectants by both MIC and diffusion method, although each commercial disinfectant was more effective than alcohol. Considering both the average diameter of the inhibition zones and the MIC values, efficacy can be interpreted as Virocid > Quatovet > Savlon > Virkon S > Lysol. Although the efficacy decreased with decreasing concentration, the disinfectants retained a satisfactory level of efficacy at 50% concentration. Among test pathogens, M. aloeverae was the most sensitive to the disinfectants and the weakest biofilm producers, whereas 4/14 S. lentus and 1/5 M. luteus were strong biofilm producers, which may cause more reduction in the efficacy in environmental conditions. Conclusion. As no ideal disinfectant was found in the study, the efficacy of the disinfectants should be routinely evaluated and validated to ensure the sanitation standards in the poultry sector.

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Characterization of bacterial community structure dynamics in a rat burn wound model using 16S rRNA gene sequencing

Journal of Burn Care & Research ◽

10.1093/jbcr/irab244 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Chen Zheng-li ◽

Peng Yu ◽

Wu Guo-sheng ◽

Hong Xu-Dong ◽

Fan Hao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Community Structure ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

Abstract Burns destroy the skin barrier and alter the resident bacterial community, thereby facilitating bacterial infection. To treat a wound infection, it is necessary to understand the changes in the wound bacterial community structure. However, traditional bacterial cultures allow the identification of only readily growing or purposely cultured bacterial species and lack the capacity to detect changes in the bacterial community. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to detect alterations in the bacterial community structure in deep partial-thickness burn wounds on the back of Sprague-Dawley rats. These results were then compared with those obtained from the bacterial culture. Bacterial samples were collected prior to wounding and 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the number of resident bacterial species decreased after the burn. Both resident bacterial richness and diversity, which were significantly reduced after the burn, recovered following wound healing. The dominant resident strains also changed, but the inhibition of bacterial community structure was in a non-volatile equilibrium state, even in the early stage after healing. Furthermore, the correlation between wound and environmental bacteria increased with the occurrence of burns. Hence, the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis reflected the bacterial condition of the wounds better than the bacterial culture. 16S rRNA sequencing in the Sprague-Dawley rat burn model can provide more information for the prevention and treatment of burn infections in clinical settings and promote further development in this field.

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Transition of Bacterial Diversity and Composition in Tongue Microbiota during the First Two Years of Life

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00187-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shinya Kageyama ◽

Mikari Asakawa ◽

Toru Takeshita ◽

Yukari Ihara ◽

Shunsuke Kanno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Composition ◽

Content Type ◽

Operational Taxonomic Units ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

ABSTRACTNewborns are constantly exposed to various microbes from birth; hence, diverse commensal bacteria colonize the oral cavity. However, how or when these bacteria construct a complex and stable ecosystem remains unclear. This prospective cohort study examined the temporal changes in bacterial diversity and composition in tongue microbiota during infancy. We longitudinally collected a total of 464 tongue swab samples from 8 infants (age of <6 months at baseline) for approximately 2 years. We also collected samples from 32 children (aged 0 to 2 years) and 73 adults (aged 20 to 29 years) cross-sectionally as control groups. Bacterial diversities and compositions were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The tongue bacterial diversity in infancy, measured as the number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs), rapidly increased and nearly reached the same level as that in adults by around 80 weeks. The overall tongue bacterial composition in the transitional phase, 80 to 120 weeks, was more similar to that of adults than to that of the early exponential phase (EEP), 10 to 29 weeks, according to analysis of similarities. Dominant OTUs in the EEP corresponding toStreptococcus perorisandStreptococcus lactariusexponentially decreased immediately after EEP, around 30 to 49 weeks, whereas several OTUs corresponding toGranulicatella adiacens,Actinomyces odontolyticus, andFusobacterium periodonticumreciprocally increased during the same period. These results suggest that a drastic compositional shift of tongue microbiota occurs before the age of 1 year, and then bacterial diversity and overall bacterial composition reach levels comparable to those in adults by the age of 2 years.IMPORTANCEEvaluating the development of oral microbiota during infancy is important for understanding the subsequent colonization of bacterial species and the process of formation of mature microbiota in the oral cavity. We examined tongue microbiota longitudinally collected from 8 infants and found that drastic compositional shifts in tongue microbiota occur before the age of 1 year, and then bacterial diversity and overall bacterial composition reach levels comparable to those in adults by the age of 2 years. These results may be helpful for preventing the development of various diseases associated with oral microbiota throughout life.

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Biotechnological Potential of Bacteria Isolated from the Sea Cucumber Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus vastus from Lampung, Indonesia

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17110635 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 635 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joko T. Wibowo ◽

Matthias Y. Kellermann ◽

Dennis Versluis ◽

Masteria Y. Putra ◽

Tutik Murniasih ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Gene Sequencing ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Sea Cucumbers ◽

Biotechnological Potential ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

In order to minimize re-discovery of already known anti-infective compounds, we focused our screening approach on understudied, almost untapped marine environments including marine invertebrates and their associated bacteria. Therefore, two sea cucumber species, Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus vastus, were collected from Lampung (Indonesia), and 127 bacterial strains were identified by partial 16S rRNA-gene sequencing analysis and compared with the NCBI database. In addition, the overall bacterial diversity from tissue samples of the sea cucumbers H. leucospilota and S. vastus was analyzed using the cultivation-independent Illumina MiSEQ analysis. Selected bacterial isolates were grown to high densities and the extracted biomass was tested against a selection of bacteria and fungi as well as the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Identification of putative bioactive bacterial-derived compounds were performed by analyzing the accurate mass of the precursor/parent ions (MS1) as well as product/daughter ions (MS2) using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of all active fractions. With this attempt we were able to identify 23 putatively known and two previously unidentified precursor ions. Moreover, through 16S rRNA-gene sequencing we were able to identify putatively novel bacterial species from the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and also Firmicutes. Our findings suggest that sea cucumbers like H. leucospilota and S. vastus are promising sources for the isolation of novel bacterial species that produce compounds with potentially high biotechnological potential.

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Surface Microflora of Four Smear-Ripened Cheeses

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.71.11.6489-6500.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 71 (11) ◽

pp. 6489-6500 ◽

Cited By ~ 117

Author(s):

Jérôme Mounier ◽

Roberto Gelsomino ◽

Stefanie Goerges ◽

Marc Vancanneyt ◽

Katrien Vandemeulebroecke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Debaryomyces Hansenii ◽

Rflp Analysis ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Staphylococcus Equorum ◽

Dna Restriction ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Mtdna Rflp

ABSTRACT The microbial composition of smear-ripened cheeses is not very clear. A total of 194 bacterial isolates and 187 yeast isolates from the surfaces of four Irish farmhouse smear-ripened cheeses were identified at the midpoint of ripening using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), repetitive sequence-based PCR, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for identifying and typing the bacteria and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA RFLP) analysis for identifying and typing the yeast. The yeast microflora was very uniform, and Debaryomyces hansenii was the dominant species in the four cheeses. Yarrowia lipolytica was also isolated in low numbers from one cheese. The bacteria were highly diverse, and 14 different species, Corynebacterium casei, Corynebacterium variabile, Arthrobacter arilaitensis, Arthrobacter sp., Microbacterium gubbeenense, Agrococcus sp. nov., Brevibacterium linens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Micrococcus luteus, Halomonas venusta, Vibrio sp., and Bacillus sp., were identified on the four cheeses. Each cheese had a more or less unique microflora with four to nine species on its surface. However, two bacteria, C. casei and A. arilaitensis, were found on each cheese. Diversity at the strain level was also observed, based on the different PFGE patterns and mtDNA RFLP profiles of the dominant bacterial and yeast species. None of the ripening cultures deliberately inoculated onto the surface were reisolated from the cheeses. This study confirms the importance of the adventitious, resident microflora in the ripening of smear cheeses.

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Long-Term Recovery of the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Dogs with Steroid-Responsive Enteropathy

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11092498 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2498

Author(s):

Rachel Pilla ◽

Blake C Guard ◽

Amanda B Blake ◽

Mark Ackermann ◽

Craig Webb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Elimination Diet ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Fecal Microbiome ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

One Year ◽

Long Term Impact

The long-term impact of treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive enteropathy (SRE) on the fecal microbiome and metabolome has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fecal microbiome and metabolome of dogs with SRE before, during, and following treatment with standard immunosuppressive therapy and an elimination diet. We retrospectively selected samples from 9 dogs with SRE enrolled in a previous clinical trial, which received treatment for 8 weeks, and had achieved remission as indicated by the post-treatment clinical scores. Long-term (1 year) samples were obtained from a subset (5/9) of dogs. Samples from 13 healthy dogs were included as controls (HC). We evaluated the microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR. To evaluate the recovery of gut function, we measured fecal metabolites using an untargeted approach. While improvement was observed for some bacterial taxa after 8 weeks of treatment, several bacterial taxa remained significantly different from HC. Seventy-five metabolites were altered in dogs with SRE, including increased fecal amino acids and vitamins, suggesting malabsorption as a component of SRE. One year after treatment, however, all bacterial species were evaluated by qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and all but thirteen metabolites were no longer different from healthy controls.

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Mycobacterium saskatchewanense sp. nov., a novel slowly growing scotochromogenic species from human clinical isolates related to Mycobacterium interjectum and Accuprobe-positive for Mycobacterium avium complex

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.02739-0 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 659-667 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

C. Y. Turenne ◽

L. Thibert ◽

K. Williams ◽

T. V. Burdz ◽

V. J. Cook ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Novel Species ◽

Gene Sequencing ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Established Species ◽

Rdna Analysis ◽

Selection Of

A pigmented, slowly growing Mycobacterium avium complex AccuProbe-positive organism was isolated from the sputum and pleural fluid of a 72-year-old female with bronchiectasis. The unusual morphology of the organism prompted further identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing a perfect identity with previously uncharacterized strain Mycobacterium sp. MCRO 8 (GenBank accession no. X93034), with the closest established species by 16S rDNA analysis being Mycobacterium interjectum. HPLC of the organism corresponded to previously obtained patterns identified as M. interjectum-like and, upon sequence evaluation of a selection of strains with a similar profile, more were subsequently identified as MCRO 8. A total of 16 strains isolated from human respiratory samples were evaluated in the characterization of this novel species, for which the name Mycobacterium saskatchewanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 00-250T (=ATCC BAA-544T=DSM 44616T=CIP 108114T).

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Isolation and characterisation of endocrine disruptor nonylphenol-using bacteria from South Africa

South African Journal of Science ◽

10.17159/sajs.2017/20160287 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 113 (5/6) ◽

Author(s):

Lehlohonolo B. Qhanya ◽

Ntsane T. Mthakathi ◽

Charlotte E. Boucher ◽

Samson S. Mashele ◽

Chrispian W. Theron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Mpumalanga Province ◽

Synthetic Chemicals ◽

Phylogenetic Identification ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic chemicals that alter the function of endocrine systems in animals including humans. EDCs are considered priority pollutants and worldwide research is ongoing to develop bioremediation strategies to remove EDCs from the environment. An understanding of indigenous microorganisms is important to design efficient bioremediation strategies. However, much of the information available on EDCs has been generated from developed regions. Recent studies have revealed the presence of different EDCs in South African natural resources, but, to date, studies analysing the capabilities of microorganisms to utilise/degrade EDCs have not been reported from South Africa. Here, we report for the first time on the isolation and enrichment of six bacterial strains from six different soil samples collected from the Mpumalanga Province, which are capable of utilising EDC nonylphenol as a carbon source. Furthermore, we performed a preliminary characterisation of isolates concerning their phylogenetic identification and capabilities to degrade nonylphenol. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that four isolates belonged to Pseudomonas and the remaining two belonged to Enterobacteria and Stenotrophomonas. All six bacterial species showed degradation of nonylphenol in broth cultures, as HPLC analysis revealed 41–46% degradation of nonylphenol 12 h after addition. The results of this study represent the beginning of identification of microorganisms capable of degrading nonylphenol, and pave the way for further exploration of EDC-degrading microorganisms from South Africa.

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Detection of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus using mec a, ribotyping and antibiogram profile of Pakistani clinical isolates

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.06.3614 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (06) ◽

Author(s):

Adeela Fatima ◽

Imran Sajid ◽

Saba Riaz ◽

Muhammad Saeed

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Research Centre ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of MRSA with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern and molecular characterization of these strains. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Microbiology section of Citilab and Research Centre, Lahore. Period: March 2014 to June 2016. Materials and Methods: Bacterial isolates were retrieved from different specimens of pus/wound, blood and other body fluids. These were characterized using conventional (catalase, DNase, coagulase etc), phenotypic and molecular techniques (oxacillin and cefoxitin susceptibility, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mec-A gene) methods of identification. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was also detected by applying standard Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of all the isolated strains, the frequency of MSSA (methicillin sensitive Staphylococcu saureus) was more than the MRSA and it was found that the male patients were more affected than the female patients. All of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin while most of them showed positive band of mec-A gene. All of the MRSA isolates showed resistant to penicillin followed by azithromycin, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin, while these strains were sensitive to linezolid and vancomycin, followed by teicoplanin, fosfomycin and fusidic acid. Conclusion: In conclusion, proper diagnosis of MRSA required conventional, phenotypic molecular techniques in our hospital diagnostic settings. This will help in choosing the effective antibiotics combat the infection.

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Long-term recovery of the fecal microbiome and metabolome of dogs with steroid-responsive enteropathy

10.20944/preprints202106.0493.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rachel Pilla ◽

Blake Guard ◽

Amanda B Blake ◽

Mark Ackermann ◽

Craig Webb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Elimination Diet ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Fecal Microbiome ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

One Year ◽

Long Term Impact

The long-term impact of treatment of dogs with steroid-responsive enteropathy (SRE) on the fe-cal microbiome and metabolome has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fecal microbiome and metabolome of dogs with SRE before, during, and following treatment with standard immunosuppressive therapy and an elimination diet. We retrospec-tively selected samples from 9 dogs with SRE enrolled in a previous clinical trial, which received treatment for 8 weeks, and had achieved remission as indicated by the post-treatment clinical scores. Long-term (1 year) samples were obtained from a subset (5/9) of dogs. Samples from 13 healthy dogs were included as controls (HC). We evaluated the microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR. To evaluate the recovery of gut function, we measured fecal metabolites using an untargeted approach. While improvement was observed for some bacterial taxa after 8 weeks of treatment, several bacterial taxa remained significantly different from HC. Seven-ty-five metabolites were altered in dogs with SRE, including increased fecal amino acids and vitamins, suggesting malabsorption as a component of SRE. One year after treatment, however, all bacterial species evaluated by qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and all but thirteen me-tabolites were no longer different from healthy controls.

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Compost bacteria as potential agents in biological plant control

Progress in Plant Protection ◽

10.14199/ppp-2021-034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 319-326

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Fungistatic Activity ◽

Activity Spectrum ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

The assumptions of integrated pest management put great emphasis on the development of non-chemical methods which increases the interest in biological methods and the search for microorganisms that would be an alternative to the most frequently used fungicides. The aim of the experiments was the isolation of the compost bacteria, in vitro determination of their fungistatic activity against some pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium, Alternaria, Sclerotinia, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia and Pythium and identification of selected isolates. From the backyard compost, 44 bacterial strains were isolated and assessed for the fungistatic properties by the well diffusion method. The obtained results allowed for the selection of 12 isolates of compost bacteria, characterised by the broadest and the strongest fungistatic activity spectrum against tested fungi. Identification of bacterial isolates by: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods showed their belonging to the species Bacillus subtilis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Serratia liquefaciens.

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