scholarly journals Covert Communication Scheme Based on Bitcoin Transaction Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Shanyun Huang ◽  
Wenyin Zhang ◽  
Xiaomei Yu ◽  
Jiuru Wang ◽  
Wanshui Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Direction ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Covert Channel ◽  
Covert Communication ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secret Information ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Communication Scheme

Due to the unique characteristics of blockchain, such as decentralization, anonymity, high credibility, and nontampering, blockchain technologies have become an integral part of public data platforms and public infrastructure. The communication between the stakeholders of a given blockchain can be used as a carrier for covert communication under cover of legal transactions, which has become a promising research direction of blockchain technology. Due to the special mechanism of blockchain, some traditional blockchain covert communication schemes are not mature enough. They suffer from various drawbacks, such as weak concealment of secret information, cumbersome identification and screening of special transactions, poor availability, and low comprehensive performance. Therefore, this paper designs a scheme of covert communication in the Bitcoin blockchain, which takes normal transactions as a mask and leverages the Bitcoin transaction mechanism to embed secret information in the public key hash field. Specifically, we propose a novel key update mechanism combined with the hash algorithm to construct a covert channel. It ensures security and can update the channel to prevent the related problems caused by address reuse. We are taking advantage of the feature of Bitcoin that cannot be double-spent to solve the problem of burning bitcoin when paying bitcoin to a fake public key hash. In our scheme, both parties to the communication are anonymous, and the attacker cannot detect the covert data or track the transaction and address. Our proposed scheme was tested in real Bitcoin blockchain network, and the experimental results were analyzed to verify its security, availability, and efficiency.

scholarly journals An Improved Blockchain Technique for Secure Land Registration Data Records

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Salman Humdullah ◽  
Siti Hajar Othman ◽  
Muhammad Najib Razali ◽  
Hazinah Kutty Mammi ◽  
Rabia Javed
Keyword(s):  
Public Key ◽  
Registration Method ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Transfer Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Encryption Decryption ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Land Records

The land is a very valuable asset for any government. It’s government job to ensure that the land registration and transfer are done without any fraud, good speed and transparency. The current land registration method employed by the governments are not open to frauds, hacks, and corruption of land records. Fraud is one of the major problems in land registration methods. In this study, the goal is to develop the framework by incorporating the blockchain technique that secures the land data during the land registration and transfer phases by preventing the fraud. The use of blockchain gives us the transparent, decentralized and robust infrastructure to build our framework upon. The blockchain technology is implemented with the asymmetric keys encryption/decryption that securely stores the land registration/transfer data. The data is held using encrypting with the public key of the landowner and storing a hash of the data. The use of the cryptographic function of hashing using SHA. The comparison of using SHA 256 and SHA 512 is given and discussed. The dataset used to compare results is created using 200 records of JSON objects with each object being identical for both SHA256 and SHA512 to remove data bias. The proposed framework with the SHA 512 performed 29% faster than the SHA 256. The results indicate our proposed framework performing better than the works proposed in current research land registration techniques.

scholarly journals Another Step in the Ladder of DNS-Based Covert Channels: Hiding Ill-Disposed Information in DNSKEY RRs

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Marios Anagnostopoulos ◽  
John André Seem
Keyword(s):  
Network Protocols ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Covert Channel ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Covert Channels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Internal Network ◽  
Security Incidents

Covert channel communications are of vital importance for the ill-motivated purposes of cyber-crooks. Through these channels, they are capable of communicating in a stealthy way, unnoticed by the defenders and bypassing the security mechanisms of protected networks. The covert channels facilitate the hidden distribution of data to internal agents. For instance, a stealthy covert channel could be beneficial for the purposes of a botmaster that desires to send commands to their bot army, or for exfiltrating corporate and sensitive private data from an internal network of an organization. During the evolution of Internet, a plethora of network protocols has been exploited as covert channel. DNS protocol however has a prominent position in this exploitation race, as it is one of the few protocols that is rarely restricted by security policies or filtered by firewalls, and thus fulfills perfectly a covert channel’s requirements. Therefore, there are more than a few cases where the DNS protocol and infrastructure are exploited in well-known security incidents. In this context, the work at hand puts forward by investigating the feasibility of exploiting the DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) as a covert channel. We demonstrate that is beneficial and quite straightforward to embed the arbitrary data of an aggressor’s choice within the DNSKEY resource record, which normally provides the public key of a DNSSEC-enabled domain zone. Since DNSKEY contains the public key encoded in base64 format, it can be easily exploited for the dissemination of an encrypted or stego message, or even for the distribution of a malware’s binary encoded in base64 string. To this end, we implement a proof of concept based on two prominent nameserver software, namely BIND and NDS, and we publish in the DNS hierarchy custom data of our choice concealed as the public key of the DNS zone under our jurisdiction in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed covert channel.

THE PUBLIC KEY COVERT CHANNEL

Cryptologia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
Rodney H. Cooper ◽  
Christopher G. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Public Key ◽  
Covert Channel ◽  
The Public

scholarly journals APPROACH FOR VERIFICATION OF DIGITAL CERTIFICATES USING BLOCKCHAIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-209
Author(s):  
A.V. Ilyenko ◽  
S.S. Ilyenko ◽  
T.M. Kulish
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Source Program ◽  
Digital Certificates

The article is devoted to the implementation of its own approach to the verification of digital certificates using Blockchain direction to protect the Windows operating system. The methods of increasing the level of protection of the Windows operating system that can be used for certificate verification are analyzed and proposed. A new direction of Blockchain is proposed for the implementation of verification, due to the introduction of various verifications, which allows for a qualitative assessment of the authenticity of digital certificates. Today, Blockchain technology is perfect for checking, exchanging and protecting digital certificates. The list of the issuer and the recipient, the signature of the document in an open database, which is the same as in the computers on the open network, is stored. Compared to conventional digital certificates, certificates generated using blockchain technology has the following advantages: no need for intermediaries; certificate verification will be performed by an open source program; you can be sure exactly who and to whom the certificate was issued; the confidentiality of the document being signed is preserved. As you can see, this technology is able to create a powerful, secure, trusted and reliable structure that does not require any intermediaries or regular inspections. Due to the variety of inspection methods, the resources that this area provides, you can achieve maximum validation of both individual certificates and entire chain.Blockchain network is a guarantee of reliability and validity of data, but if someone still wants to confirm the validity of the certificate, you must obtain the public key of the person who signed it. Due to the lack of constant confirmation of certificates, this approach simplifies the administration of the network. The practical value of the study is as follows: the authors have proposed their own approach, which allows you to check single certificates and certificate chains thanks to the Blockchain direction, which allows you to establish a secure connection and reliable data transmission. Because the proposed approach allows multiple certificate checks, it can be further integrated into the Windows operating system and can be used to protect a personal computer or used in corporate structures.

scholarly journals Preventing Potential Backdoors in Bike Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
Pavol Zajac ◽  
Peter Špaček
Keyword(s):  
Public Key ◽  
Covert Channel ◽  
Covert Channels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Weak Keys ◽  
Public Execution ◽  
Public Keys ◽  
Cryptographic Algorithms ◽  
Key Encapsulation Mechanism ◽  
Security Device

Abstract BIKE suite of algorithms is one of the candidates in NIST call for public-key post-quantum cryptographic algorithms. It is a key-encapsulation mechanism based on QC-MDPC codes with purely ephemeral keys. The security device implementing such an algorithm therefore needs to generate multiple key pairs in its lifetime very efficiently. In our paper we explore the situation where BigBrother-type adversary can subtly corrupt the vendor(s) of the security devices (e.g., by altering the standard algorithms). In our model, BigBrother cannot preload the keys or synchronize the key generator by a covert channel, but is able to learn the secrets of security devices by observing the public execution of the KEM protocols. BigBrother typically obtains the secret through the usage of (masked) weak keys. However, we can also imagine other covert channels embedded into the ephemeral public keys by some unknown algorithm. To prevent these classes of attacks, we propose that the standard should explicitly specify a verifiable algorithm to transform the required key randomness into a set of keys.

Pembangunan Web Service Data Masyarakat Menggunakan REST API dengan Access Token

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Iqbal Perkasa ◽  
Eko Budi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Web Service ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Population Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Community Data ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rest Api ◽  
Service Application ◽  
Service Data

Data is one of the most important things in this information and information technology era that evolving now. Currently, the government still has not used the public data maximally for administrative purposes. Utilization of this big population data is the creation of a web service application system with REST API where this data will be open and accessible to those who have access. One of the institutions that use this service is the Manpower and Transmigration Service where this system can make the Dinas staff more efficient to create and register job search cards using available community data. This application is able to provide and facilitate many parties, such as data administrators to monitor data usage, registration employee in input data, and people able to register independently. Index Terms—Web service, API, Rest api, People data

How Good Is the Public Data on Sovereign Bond Contracts?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kropp ◽  
Gaurang Mitu Gulati ◽  
Mark C. Weidemaier
Keyword(s):  
The Public ◽  
Sovereign Bond ◽  
Public Data

scholarly journals Third Party Certification of Agri-Food Supply Chain Using Smart Contracts and Blockchain Tokens

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5307
Author(s):  
Ricardo Borges dos Santos ◽  
Nunzio Marco Torrisi ◽  
Rodrigo Palucci Pantoni
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
The Public ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Every consumer’s buying decision at the supermarket influences food brands to make first party claims of sustainability and socially responsible farming methods on their agro-product labels. Fine wines are often subject to counterfeit along the supply chain to the consumer. This paper presents a method for efficient unrestricted publicity to third party certification (TPC) of plant agricultural products, starting at harvest, using smart contracts and blockchain tokens. The method is capable of providing economic incentives to the actors along the supply chain. A proof-of-concept using a modified Ethereum IGR token set of smart contracts using the ERC-1155 standard NFTs was deployed on the Rinkeby test net and evaluated. The main findings include (a) allowing immediate access to TPC by the public for any desired authority by using token smart contracts. (b) Food safety can be enhanced through TPC visible to consumers through mobile application and blockchain technology, thus reducing counterfeiting and green washing. (c) The framework is structured and maintained because participants obtain economical incentives thus leveraging it´s practical usage. In summary, this implementation of TPC broadcasting through tokens can improve transparency and sustainable conscientious consumer behaviour, thus enabling a more trustworthy supply chain transparency.

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