scholarly journals Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among French Guianese Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Alexandre Cannesson ◽  
Narcisse Elenga
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Community-acquired pneumonia remains a leading cause of hospitalizations among children worldwide. The diagnosis is based on the history, the physical examination results in children with fever plus respiratory signs and symptoms, and chest radiography. The microbiological etiology is confirmed by viral testing and hemocultures. The most likely etiology depends on the age of the child. The features of childhood pneumonia vary between countries and territories. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics and current microbial ecology of community-acquired pneumonia in children in French Guiana. We performed a retrospective, descriptive, and monocentric study between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017, in the pediatric ward of the Cayenne Hospital in French Guiana. The studied population was aged from 0 to 15 years and 3 months and hospitalized for acute community-acquired pneumonia. A total of 415 patients (mean age 3.62 years) were included. A pathogen was identifiable in 22.4% of cases, including bacteria in 61.3%, viruses in 43%, and coinfections in 14%. The main pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus (31.2%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.4%), Haemophilus influenzae (11.8%), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (10.8%). The burden of hospitalization for children with community-acquired pneumonia was highest among less than 2 years, in whom respiratory viruses were the most commonly detected causes of pneumonia. The share of vaccine-preventable diseases (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and influenza) remains high. With the vaccination requirement imposed since 1 January 2018 against pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and whooping cough and the possibility of practicing multiplex PCR in our hospital, it will be interesting to study the impact of this law enforcement on new child generations and compare these new data to our study.

scholarly journals Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pneumonia in children: proposal for a new diagnostic algorithm

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Iorio ◽  
Maria Capasso ◽  
Giuseppe De Luca ◽  
Salvatore Prisco ◽  
Carlo Mancusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Alternative Test ◽  
Respiratory Signs And Symptoms

Background.Despite guideline recommendations, chest radiography (CR) for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children is commonly used also in mild and/or uncomplicated cases. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of lung ultrasonography (LUS) as an alternative test in these cases and suggest a new diagnostic algorithm.Methods.We reviewed the medical records of all patients admitted to the pediatric ward from February 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014 with respiratory signs and symptoms. We selected only cases with mild/uncomplicated clinical course and in which CR and LUS were performed within 24 h of each other. The LUS was not part of the required exams recorded in medical records but performed independently. The discharge diagnosis, made only on the basis of history and physical examination, laboratory and instrumental tests, including CR (without LUS), was used as a reference test to compare CR and LUS findings.Results.Of 52 selected medical records CAP diagnosis was confirmed in 29 (55.7%). CR was positive in 25 cases, whereas LUS detected pneumonia in 28 cases. Four patients with negative CR were positive in ultrasound findings. Instead, one patient with negative LUS was positive in radiographic findings. The LUS sensitivity was 96.5% (95% CI [82.2%–99.9%]), specificity of 95.6% (95% CI [78.0%–99.9%]), positive likelihood ratio of 22.2 (95% CI [3.2–151.2]), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.04 (95% CI [0.01–0.25]) for diagnosing pneumonia.Conclusion.LUS can be considered as a valid alternative diagnostic tool of CAP in children and its use must be promoted as a first approach in accordance with our new diagnostic algorithm.

scholarly journals Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children-An Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Md Kamruzzaman ◽  
Mirza Md Ziaul Islam ◽  
Probir Kumar Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumonia ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Viral Testing ◽  
Respiratory Signs And Symptoms

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a potentially serious infection in children and often results in hospitalization.CAP symptoms are nonspecific in younger infants, but cough and tachypnea are usually present in older children. The diagnosis can be based on the history and physical examination results in children with fever plus respiratory signs and symptoms. Chest radiography and rapid viral testing may be helpful when the diagnosis is unclear. The most likely etiology depends on the age of the child. Viral and Streptococcus pneumonia infections are most common in preschoolaged children, whereas Mycoplasmapneumoniaeis common in older children.Most children can be managed empirically with oral antibiotics as outpatients without specific laboratory investigations.The decision to treat with antibiotics is challenging, especially with the increasing prevalence of viral and bacterial coinfections. Those with severe infections or with persistent or worsening symptoms need more intensive investigations and may need admission to hospital. The choice and dosage of antibiotics should be based on the age of the patient, severity of the pneumonia and knowledge of local antimicrobial resistance patterns.Bangladesh J Child Health 2018; VOL 42 (1) :38-42

scholarly journals Etiology and severity of community acquired pneumonia in children from Uruguay: a 4-year study

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hortal ◽  
Adela Suarez ◽  
Cristina Deleon ◽  
Miguel Estevan ◽  
Maria Cristina Mogdasy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Service ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Family Risk Factors ◽  
Family Risk ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Pulmonary Parenchyma ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The 4-year study (1987-1990) covered the major clinical-epidemiological characteristics of pneumonia in children as diagnosed at the emergency service of the Children's Hospital, as well as etiologies, and factors involved in the most severe cases. Etiology was determined in 47.7% of the 541 pneumonia cases, involving 283 pathogens of which 38.6% were viruses and 12.6% bacteria. Viral and mixed etiologies were more frequent in children under 12 months of age. Bacteria predominated in ages between 6 and 23 months. Among the viruses, respiratory syncytial virus predominated (66%). The bacterial pneumonias accounted for 12.2% of the recognized etiologies. The most important bacterial agents were S. pneumoniae (64%) and H. influenzae (19%). H. influenzae and mixed infections had a relevant participation during the 1988 season, pointing to annual variations in the relative participation of pathogens and its possible implication in severity of diseases. Correlation of severity and increased percentage of etiological diagnosis was assessed: patients with respiratory rates over 70 rpm, or pleural effusion and/or extensive pulmonary parenchyma compromise yielded higher positive laboratory results. Various individual and family risk factors were recognized when comparing pneumonia children with healthy controls.

scholarly journals Signs and symptoms in common colds

1993 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. J. Tyrrell ◽  
S. Cohen ◽  
J. E. Schilarb
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Nasal Symptoms ◽  
Specific Antibody Production ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
Respiratory Signs And Symptoms

SummaryThe patterns of disease caused by five common viruses which infect the respiratory tract are described. The viruses were strains of rhinovirus types 2, 9, and 14, a strain of coronavirus type 229E and of respiratory syncytial virus. Volunteers were given nasal drops containing a low infections dose of one of the viruses, quarantined from 2 days before to 5 days after inoculation, and examined daily by a clinician using a standard checklist of respiratory signs and symptoms. Only subjects who developed clinical illness accompanied by viral shedding and/or specific antibody production were analysed [n = 116]. The results confirm indication from earlier studies that the main difference between colds induced by different viruses is in duration of the incubation period. Patterens of symptom development were not substantially different with different viruses. Analyses of signs and symptoms in different categories, e.g. nasal symptoms v. coughing, justify treatment with different drugs either successively or simultaneously.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the impact of childhood 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction on adult pneumonia in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: study protocol for an observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire von Mollendorf ◽  
Mukhchuluun Ulziibayar ◽  
Bradford D. Gessner ◽  
Lien Anh Ha Do ◽  
Cattram D. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Community-acquired pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. Approximately one-third of pneumonia cases can be attributed to the pneumococcus. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) protect against colonisation with vaccine-type serotypes. The resulting decrease in transmission of vaccine serotypes leads to large indirect effects. There are limited data from developing countries demonstrating the impact of childhood PCV immunisation on adult pneumonia. There are also insufficient data available on the burden and severity of all-cause pneumonia and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults from low resource countries. There is currently no recommendation for adult pneumococcal vaccination with either pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine or PCVs in Mongolia. We describe the protocol developed to evaluate the association between childhood 13-valent PCV (PCV13) vaccination and trends in adult pneumonia. Methods PCV13 was introduced into the routine childhood immunisation schedule in Mongolia in a phased manner from 2016. In March 2019 we initiated active hospital-based surveillance for adult pneumonia, with the primary objective of evaluating trends in severe hospitalised clinical pneumonia incidence in adults 18 years and older in four districts of Ulaanbaatar. Secondary objectives include measuring the association between PCV13 introduction and trends in all clinically-defined pneumonia, radiologically-confirmed pneumonia, nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae and pneumonia associated with RSV or influenza. Clinical questionnaires, nasopharyngeal swabs, urine samples and chest radiographs were collected from enrolled patients. Retrospective administrative and clinical data were collected for all respiratory disease-related admissions from January 2015 to February 2019. Discussion Establishing a robust adult surveillance system may be an important component of monitoring the indirect impact of PCVs within a country. Monitoring indirect impact of childhood PCV13 vaccination on adult pneumonia provides additional data on the full public health impact of the vaccine, which has implications for vaccine efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Adult surveillance in Mongolia will contribute to the limited evidence available on the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among adults in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, it is one of the few examples of implementing prospective, population-based pneumonia surveillance to evaluate the indirect impact of PCVs in a resource-limited setting.

scholarly journals Severity of respiratory signs and symptoms and virus profiles in Japanese children with acute respiratory illness

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 811-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Miyaji ◽  
Miho Kobayashi ◽  
Kazuko Sugai ◽  
Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi ◽  
Shoichi Niwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
Respiratory Signs And Symptoms

scholarly journals The Value of Vaccination in Older Adults: The Why

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 806-807
Author(s):  
Philip Buck
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases remains high among older adults in the US, despite longstanding immunization recommendations, and is projected to increase as the population ages. The impact of US population aging on the burden of four vaccine-preventable diseases (influenza, pneumococcal disease, shingles, and pertussis) was modeled over a 30-year time horizon, with cumulative direct and indirect costs increasing from $378 billion over 10 years to $1.28 trillion over 30 years. Compared to current levels of vaccination coverage, increasing coverage was predicted to avert over 33 million cases of disease and greater than $96 billion in disease-associated costs, with a corresponding increase in vaccination costs of approximately $83 billion over the entire 30-year time period. Specific examples of cost-effectiveness analyses that assess the epidemiologic and economic impact of vaccination against shingles and pertussis in older adults will be discussed. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Health Behavior Change Interest Group.

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