Generalized Pruritus and Gradual Loss of Vision as the Presenting Complaints of Acute HIV Infection: Management Challenges during COVID-19 Pandemic

Background. Although the prevalence of HIV is low in Bangladesh, there is a potential for an increased number of cases. This is because of high cross-border mobility (India and Myanmar) of people and increased injection drug abusers amongst youth in the cities and rural areas, HIV can present in many ways, from asymptomatic to advanced disease, including various atypical (generalized itching) and advanced (loss of vision) manifestations. A high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose HIV in a country like Bangladesh. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to have a better outcome. Methods. Here, we report two thought-provoking cases where patients were suffering from generalized itchy lesions (pruritic papular eruption) throughout the body for a long time and gradual loss of vision in another case. Results. Due to lack of suspicion, initially, HIV screening was not done. Both patients visited several health centres, but no diagnosis was made. Moreover, COVID-19 pandemic worsens the situation. Finally, they were diagnosed with HIV; unfortunately, one of them lost her vision due to CMV retinitis and another patient died of other complications. Conclusion. Ongoing COVID-19 pandemic put many challenges to ensure optimum care, especially for patients with long-sufferings like HIV. Clinicians have to have a very high degree of suspicion while dealing with patients presented with rare manifestations, particularly in a low endemic clinical setting.

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Ethical considerations for HIV remission clinical research involving participants diagnosed during acute HIV infection

BMC Medical Ethics ◽

10.1186/s12910-021-00716-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Adam Gilbertson ◽

Joseph D. Tucker ◽

Karine Dubé ◽

Maartje Dijkstra ◽

Stuart Rennie

Keyword(s):

Informed Consent ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Lived Experience ◽

The Body ◽

Responsible Conduct Of Research ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Ethical Challenges ◽

Acute Hiv Infection ◽

Research Recruitment ◽

Acute Hiv

AbstractHIV remission clinical researchers are increasingly seeking study participants who are diagnosed and treated during acute HIV infection—the brief period between infection and the point when the body creates detectable HIV antibodies. This earliest stage of infection is often marked by flu-like illness and may be an especially tumultuous period of confusion, guilt, anger, and uncertainty. Such experiences may present added ethical challenges for HIV research recruitment, participation, and retention. The purpose of this paper is to identify potential ethical challenges associated with involving acutely diagnosed people living with HIV in remission research and considerations for how to mitigate them. We identify three domains of potential ethical concern for clinicians, researchers, and ethics committee members to consider: 1) Recruitment and informed consent; (2) Transmission risks and partner protection; and (3) Ancillary and continuing care. We discuss each of these domains with the aim of inspiring further work to advance the ethical conduct of HIV remission research. For example, experiences of confusion and uncertainty regarding illness and diagnosis during acute HIV infection may complicate informed consent procedures in studies that seek to recruit directly after diagnosis. To address this, it may be appropriate to use staged re-consent procedures or comprehension assessment. Responsible conduct of research requires a broad understanding of acute HIV infection that encompasses its biomedical, psychological, social, and behavioral dimensions. We argue that the lived experience of acute HIV infection may introduce ethical concerns that researchers and reviewers should address during study design and ethical approval.

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Multicomponent Culinary Products Development for Cybersportsmen

Food Industry ◽

10.29141/2500-1922-2020-5-3-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 52-60

Author(s):

Zhanna Novikova ◽

Anton Maksimkin ◽

Evgeny Mukhanov

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modeling ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Target Function ◽

Food Products ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

The Body ◽

Long Time ◽

High Degree

Currently, eSports becomes particularly popular among young people. Computer sport induces significant loads on the human body, especially on the physiological and psychoemotional state. Tournament participants are to have a high degree of concentration and the ability to stay at a personal computer for a long time. These factors determine the need for increased energy consumption to maintain the body in a state of high activity. A man developed food products based on fundamental scientific achievements in the field of sports nutrition for athletes using special food technology. The high biological value of food products for eSports athletes makes them unique for maintaining active life in non-standard conditions and under increased loads during the preparation and conduct of competitions. To solve this problem, the authors performed mathematical modeling of the multicomponent culinary product recipe by the simplex method and automatization tools using the MS Excel software package. They chose the balance of essential amino acids as the optimization parameter. As a result of mathematical modeling, the researchers obtained eight ratios variants of the modified ingredients that meet the specified conditions. The replacement of bread wheat by the canihua is to improve the amino acids balance in proteins in the combined products. Organoleptic assessment of the culinary dish «Fish balls (steamed)», prepared according to the classic and developed recipes, allowed to conclude: the introduction of more than 34.0 % of canihua grain into the recipe has a negative impact on the product taste. The recipe optimization of a culinary product using canihua grain approved samples determination of multicomponent culinary products that corresponded to the selected parameters of the target function.

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Antiretroviral Therapy for Acute HIV Infection

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct03877536 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Acute Hiv Infection ◽

Acute Hiv

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Protective HLA alleles are associated with reduced LPS levels in acute HIV infection with implications for immune activation and pathogenesis

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1007981 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. e1007981 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel T. Claiborne ◽

Eileen P. Scully ◽

Christine D. Palmer ◽

Jessica L. Prince ◽

Gladys N. Macharia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Immune Activation ◽

Acute Hiv Infection ◽

Hla Alleles ◽

Acute Hiv

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Persons living with HIV treated in acute HIV infection report good health-related quality of life in Thailand

AIDS Care ◽

10.1080/09540121.2021.1944596 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Orlanda Q. Goh ◽

Eugène Kroon ◽

Carlo Sacdalan ◽

Phillip Chan ◽

Trevor A. Crowell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Good Health ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Acute Hiv Infection ◽

Persons Living With Hiv ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Acute Hiv ◽

Living With Hiv

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Development of Novel Oral Formulations of Disulfide Antioxidants Based on Porous Silica for Controlled Release of the Drugs

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14040963 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 963

Author(s):

Ekaterina S. Dolinina ◽

Elena V. Parfenyuk

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Surface Chemistry ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Porous Silica ◽

The Body ◽

Oral Drug ◽

Therapeutic Concentration ◽

Release Process ◽

Zero Order Kinetics ◽

Long Time

Powerful antioxidant α-lipoic acid (LA) exhibits limited therapeutic efficiency due to its pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the ability of silica-based composites of LA as well as its amide (lipoamide, LM), as new oral drug formulations, to control their release and maintain their therapeutic concentration and antioxidant activity in the body over a long time. The composites synthesized at different sol–gel synthesis pH and based on silica matrixes with various surface chemistry were investigated. The release behavior of the composites in media mimicking pH of digestive fluids (pH 1.6, 6.8, and 7.4) was revealed. The effects of chemical structure of the antioxidants, synthesis pH, surface chemistry of the silica matrixes in the composites as well as the pH of release medium on kinetic parameters of the drug release and mechanisms of the process were discussed. The comparative analysis of the obtained data allowed the determination of the most promising composites. Using these composites, modeling of the release process of the antioxidants in accordance with transit conditions of the drugs in stomach, proximal, and distal parts of small intestine and colon was carried out. The composites exhibited the release close to the zero order kinetics and maintained the therapeutic concentration of the drugs and antioxidant effect in all parts of the intestine for up to 24 h. The obtained results showed that encapsulation of LA and LM in the silica matrixes is a promising way to improve their bioavailability and antioxidant activity.

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Recounting the Empowerment of Women in Rural Areas of KwaZulu-Natal from Information and Knowledge in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Era

Libri ◽

10.1515/libri-2019-0197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Glenrose Jiyane

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

The Body ◽

Non Profit ◽

Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Body Of Knowledge ◽

Non Governmental Organizations ◽

Critical Resource

Abstract The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) marks the new, advanced era of development in humankind, and globally countries are in the process of ensuring their citizenry’s readiness. In South Africa, various governmental departments, organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and non-profit organisations (NPOs) are making efforts, through their plans, talks and actions, to attain this status for all her people, particularly women in rural areas. However, the development of women in the rural areas for empowerment remains a concern in developing countries. Consequently, there is a dire need to ensure the developmental status for women in rural areas in the advent of the 4IR, and this paper seeks to demonstrate that information and knowledge may be instrumental in empowering women in rural areas to strive in the 4IR. Accordingly, information and knowledge are a critical resource contributing to the empowerment of women in rural areas for their development. An exploratory question is raised to determine whether South Africa is ready for Fourth Industrial Revolution. The outcome of this paper will contribute to the body of knowledge advocating the importance of information and knowledge in the empowerment of women in rural areas. Significantly, it will generate insights for policymakers on the important role of information and knowledge for women’s development.

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Mangiferin as New Potential Anti-Cancer Agent and Mangiferin-Integrated Polymer Systems—A Novel Research Direction

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11010079 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Svetlana N. Morozkina ◽

Thi Hong Nhung Vu ◽

Yuliya E. Generalova ◽

Petr P. Snetkov ◽

Mayya V. Uspenskaya

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Research Direction ◽

Biological Action ◽

The Body ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Polymer Systems ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Long Time ◽

Cancer Agent

For a long time, the pharmaceutical industry focused on natural biologically active molecules due to their unique properties, availability and significantly less side-effects. Mangiferin is a naturally occurring C-glucosylxantone that has substantial potential for the treatment of various diseases thanks to its numerous biological activities. Many research studies have proven that mangiferin possesses antioxidant, anti-infection, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, cardiovascular, neuroprotective properties and it also increases immunity. It is especially important that it has no toxicity. However, mangiferin is not being currently applied to clinical use because its oral bioavailability as well as its absorption in the body are too low. To improve the solubility, enhance the biological action and bioavailability, mangiferin integrated polymer systems have been developed. In this paper, we review molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer action as well as a number of designed polymer-mangiferin systems. Taking together, mangiferin is a very promising anti-cancer molecule with excellent properties and the absence of toxicity.

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How Far Scientific is Snakebite Prevention and First Aid Treatment in School Textbook?

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjm.v31i1.44753 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 39-40

Author(s):

Faiha Fairouz ◽

Rumana Rashid ◽

Abdullah Abu Sayeed

Keyword(s):

Health Problem ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Elementary Science ◽

First Aid ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Long Time ◽

Class Viii ◽

The Subject ◽

School Books

Background: Snakebite is an old health problem in rural areas. In Bangladesh, the snakebite issue is included in school syllabus, in curriculum since long time, so that people can take/get immediate first aid treatment and can prevent snakebite. The success of snakebite treatment depends more on providing first aid treatment immediately after snakebite by learning and by sending the patients quickly to hospital. Snakebite is a preventable health problem indeed. If it can be prevented the rate of snakebite will also decrease. In the recently published snake bite management Guideline by WHO it has been targeted to reduce 50% of mortality & disability due to snakebite by 2030.1 Methods: a. The snakebite topic or issue has been thoroughly reviewed in the secondary and higher secondary school books. b. National Guidelines on snakebite in providing/ giving first aid treatment has been reviewed.2 c. The correlation between the topic to learn the subject and the national guidelines have been reviewed and given taken into account. d. The similarity or correlation between the national guidelines and the topic in the prevention of snakebite in the book have been observed & reviewed. It was a descriptive/narrative research study. Results: In the book of class IV in Primary and Secondary level students, ‘Elementary Science, (‘Prathomiik Bigghan’) page no. 86 and in book of class VIII Home Science (‘Gharjhastha Biggan’) page no. 16 the Snakebite issue/topic is mentioned.2,3 There are 22 information on the first aid/primary treatment of Snakebite among which 5 (five) are nonscientific rather harmful. (Table & Picture) Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 39-40

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