scholarly journals Automatic Semicircular Canal Segmentation of CT Volumes Using Improved 3D U-Net with Attention Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hongcheng Wu ◽  
Juanxiu Liu ◽  
Gui Chen ◽  
Weixing Liu ◽  
Ruqian Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular System ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Attention Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
Tomography Image ◽  
Segmentation Task ◽  
Computed Tomography Image

The vestibular system is the sensory apparatus that helps the body maintain its postural equilibrium, and semicircular canal is an important organ of the vestibular system. The semicircular canals are three membranous tubes, each forming approximately two-thirds of a circle with a diameter of approximately 6.5 mm, and segmenting them accurately is of great benefit for auxiliary diagnosis, surgery, and treatment of vestibular disease. However, the semicircular canal has small volume, which accounts for less than 1% of the overall computed tomography image. Doctors have to annotate the image in a slice-by-slice manner, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To solve this problem, we propose a novel 3D convolutional neural network based on 3D U-Net to automatically segment the semicircular canal. We added the spatial attention mechanism of 3D spatial squeeze and excitation modules, as well as channel attention mechanism of 3D global attention upsample modules to improve the network performance. Our network achieved an average dice coefficient of 92.5% on the test dataset, which shows competitive performance in semicircular canals segmentation task.

scholarly journals Labyrinthine Reactions and Their Relation to the Clinical Tests

1937 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tilt Test ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Protective Reaction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vertical Semicircular Canals

The rapid tilt test has shown that the vertical semicircular canals are in close connexion with the whole postural body musculature. Nystagmus reactions are only a small part of semicircular canal sphere of control. Further knowledge of the reaction-pattern of the body musculature resulting from the stimulation of each semicircular canal will help in diagnosing a lesion, not only of the individual semicircular canals, but also—even more important—of its intracranial connexions. The few reaction patterns already known, but not recognized as such, namely post-pointing, falling, and head turning, are true compensatory reactions, more easily understood if so considered and grouped with the protective reactions to the tilt tests. Recognition of the two modes of utricular action is essential to a correct analysis of tilt test reactions. The slow tilt described by Grahe and others, is an excellent test for “first mode” utricular action, but not for “second mode” action or for vertical semicircular canals. The quick tilt is primarily a test of vertical semicircular canal action, but normally the reaction is complicated by reactions from “second mode” utricular stimulation. If this fact is not taken into account the analysis of a reaction to a quick tilt may be misleading. When performing a quick tilt test, in addition to watching for the absence of the protective reaction (due to loss of one or both labyrinths), the investigator should try to note whether there is a tendency for the patient to be more easily thrown in the direction of the tilt—owing to a lesion of the vertical canals, the utricles being intact (“second mode” utricular action)—or whether there is a tendency for the patient to over-compensate (owing to a lesion of the utricles, the vertical canals being intact). If, in addition to the usual equilibrial tests, the quick tilt test is used in this way and a careful analysis is made of the reactions of patients with labyrinthine or intracranial lesions, diagnosis of lesions of individual labyrinthine end-organs or of their intracranial connexions may become a routine procedure in the clinic just as it is now possible in the laboratory.

scholarly journals A New Coordinate System for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Vestibular System

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixing Liu ◽  
Gui Chen ◽  
Junyang Xie ◽  
Tianhao Liang ◽  
Chunyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Medical Software ◽  
Anterior Semicircular Canal ◽  
Imaging Plane

Objectives: To develop and evaluate a new coordinate system for MRI of the vestibular system.Methods: In this study, 53 internal auditory canal MRI and 78 temporal bone CT datasets were analyzed. Mimics Medical software version 21.0 was used to visualize and three-dimensionally reconstruct the image data. We established a new coordinate system, named W–X, based on the center of the bilateral eyeballs and vertex of the bilateral superior semicircular canals. Using the W–X coordinate system and Reid's coordinate system, we measured the orientations of the planes of the anterior semicircular canal (ASCC), the lateral semicircular canal (LSCC), and the posterior semicircular canal (PSCC).Results: No significant differences between the angles measured using CT and MRI were found for any of the semicircular canal planes (p > 0.05). No statistical differences were found between the angles measured using Reid's coordinate system (CT) and the W–X coordinate system (MRI). The mean values of ∠ASCC & LSCC, ∠ASCC & PSCC, and ∠LSCC & PSCC were 84.67 ± 5.76, 94.21 ± 3.81, and 91.79 ± 5.22 degrees, respectively. The angle between the LSCC plane and the horizontal imaging plane was 15.64 ± 3.92 degrees, and the angle between the PSCC plane and the sagittal imaging plane was 48.79 ± 4.46 degrees.Conclusion: A new W–X coordinate system was developed for MRI studies of the vestibular system and can be used to measure the orientations of the semicircular canals.

Semicircular canal modeling in human perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houshyar Asadi ◽  
Shady Mohamed ◽  
Chee Peng Lim ◽  
Saeid Nahavandi ◽  
Eugene Nalivaiko
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Equilibrium System ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Human Sense

AbstractThe human vestibular system is a sensory and equilibrium system that manages and controls the human sense of balance and movement. It is the main sensor humans use to perceive rotational and linear motions. Determining an accurate mathematical model of the human vestibular system is significant for research pertaining to motion perception, as the quality and effectiveness of the motion cueing algorithm (MCA) directly depends on the mathematical model used in its design. This paper describes the history and analyses the development process of mathematical semicircular canal models. The aim of this review is to determine the most consistent and reliable mathematical semicircular canal models that agree with experimental results and theoretical analyses, and offer reliable approximations for the semicircular canal functions based on the existing studies. Selecting and formulating accurate mathematical models of semicircular canals are essential for implementation into the MCA and for ensuring effective human motion perception modeling.

scholarly journals Automatic Measurement of Inner Ear in Different Mammals1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Du ◽  
Han-dai Qin ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Da Liu ◽  
Shuo-long Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Data ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Mini Pigs

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this research is to develop an accurate and automatic measuring method based on the aid of centerline to construct three dimensional models of inner ear in different mammals and to assess the morphological variations.MethodsThree adult healthy mice, three adult guinea pigs, three adult mini pigs and one left temporal bone of human were included in this research. All 18 animal specimens and the human sample were scanned with the use of Micro-CT. After being segmented, three-dimensional models of the inner ear in different mammals were reconstructed using Mimics. A novel method with the use of centerline was established to estimate the properties of 3D models and to calculate the length, volume and angle parameters automatically.ResultsMorphological models of inner ears in different mammals have been built, which describe detailed shape of cochlear, vestibule, semicircular canals and common crus. Mean value of lengths and volumes of the cochlear, lateral semicircular canal, superior semicircular canal and posterior semicircular canal, tended to increase with the body size of the mammals, showed the proximity to the human data in mini pig. The angles between the semicircular canal planes showed differences between mammals. The mean values of semicircular canals of mice and mini pigs closely resembled to human data in numerical assessment.ConclusionThe automatic measurement of the inner ear based on centerline builds an effective way to assess lengths, volumes and angles of three-dimensional structures. This study provides a theoretical basis for mechanical analysis of inner ear in different mammals and proves the similarity between mini pig and human.

The Dimensions and Sensitivities of Semicircular Canals

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-514
Author(s):  
J. H. TEN KATE ◽  
H. H. VAN BARNEVELD ◽  
J. W. KUIPER
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
The Body ◽  
Horizontal Semicircular Canal ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Allometric Functions ◽  
Special Growth ◽  
Narrow Duct

1. The dimensions of the semicircular canals of pike can be expressed as allometric functions of the body length L. 2. The equal sensitivity of pike of different sizes to rotatory stimulation can be explained as a quadratic bending of the cupula. 3. In the pike the sensitivity is of the same order of magnitude for the vertical and horizontal semicircular canals. 4. In the pike the growth rate of the volumes of duct and ampulla is the same for the horizontal semicircular canal and for the posterior semicircular canal. 5. The special growth rate of the dimensions of the horizontal semicircular canal of the ray can be explained by a quadratic bending of the cupula. 6. For equally large cupulae the sensitivity of the horizontal semicircular canal is of the same order of magnitude for twenty-three mammals, fourteen birds and one reptile as it is for the pike. 7. Within the limits of error the ‘growth rate’ of the diameter of the narrow duct is the same in mammals as in the pike. 8. At the same body mass the absolute value of the diameter of the narrow duct is smaller in mammals than in the pike by a factor of 1.69. 9. For a body mass of 1 kg the value of the enclosed area of the horizontal semicircular canal is 6 times smaller in mammals than in pike. 10. The model of the overcritically damped oscillator for the semicircular canal remains valid during growth if a quadratic bending of the cupula is assumed.

scholarly journals A Matlab/Simulink Model of the Inner Ear Angular Accelerometers Sensors

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Selva ◽  
Yves Gourinat ◽  
Joseph Morlier
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linear Motion ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Simulink Model ◽  
First Results ◽  
Head Rotations

In order to keep tabs on the position and motion of our body in space, nature has given us a fascinating and very ingenious organ, the inner ear. Each inner ear includes five biological sensors — three angular and two linear accelerometers — which provide the body with the ability to sense angular and linear motion of the head with respect to inertial space. The aim of this paper is to present a mechanical model of the semicircular canals — which behave as angular accelerometers — in a specific kinematic environment. This model, implemented in Matlab/Simulink, simulates the rotary chair testing, which is one of the usual tests carried out during a diagnosis of the vestibular system. This model also allows to simulate several head rotations, and at the same time to show the state — excited or inhibited — of each angular sensors. Therefore, the developed model can be used as a learning and demonstrating tool either in the medicine field to understand the behavior of the sensors during any kind of motion or in the aeronautical field to relate the inner ear functioning to some sensory illusions. In addition, the first results also show the influence of the non-orthogonality of the canals on the sensors stimulation.

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