scholarly journals An Optimized and Efficient Routing Protocol Application for IoV

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Kiran Afzal ◽  
Rehan Tariq ◽  
Farhan Aadil ◽  
Zeshan Iqbal ◽  
Nouman Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Link State ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Optimized Link State Routing ◽  
Better Than

IoV is the latest application of VANET and is the alliance of Internet and IoT. With the rapid progress in technology, people are searching for a traffic environment where they would have maximum collaboration with their surroundings which comprise other vehicles. It has become a necessity to find such a traffic environment where we have less traffic congestion, minimum chances of a vehicular collision, minimum communication delay, fewer communication errors, and a greater message delivery ratio. For this purpose, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was devised where vehicles were communicating with each other in an infrastructureless environment. In VANET, vehicles communicate in an ad hoc manner and communicate with each other to deliver messages, for infotainment purposes or for warning other vehicles about emergency scenarios. Unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) assisted VANET is one of the emerging fields nowadays. For VANET’s routing efficiency, several routing protocols are being used like optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, and destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) protocol. To meet the need of the upcoming era of artificial intelligence, researchers are working to improve the route optimization problems in VANETs by employing UAVs. The proposed system is based on a model of VANET involving interaction with aerial nodes (UAVs) for efficient data delivery and better performance. Comparisons of traditional routing protocols with UAV-based protocols have been made in the scenario of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Later on, communication of vehicles via aerial nodes has been studied for the same purpose. The results have been generated through various simulations. After performing extensive simulations by varying different parameters over grid sizes of 300 × 1500 m to 300 × 6000 m, it is evident that although the traditional DSDV routing protocol performs 14% better than drone-assisted destination-sequenced distance vector (DA-DSDV) when we have number of sinks equal to 25, the performance of drone-assisted optimized link state routing (DA-OLSR) protocol is 0.5% better than that of traditional OLSR, whereas drone-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (DA-AODV) performs 22% better than traditional AODV. Moreover, if we increase the number of sinks up to 50, it can be clearly seen that the DA-AODV outperforms the rest of the routing protocols by up to 60% (either traditional routing protocol or drone-assisted routing protocol). In addition, for parameters like MAC/PHY overhead and packet delivery ratio, the performance of our proposed drone-assisted variants of protocols is also better than that of the traditional routing protocols. These results show that our proposed strategy performs better than the traditional VANET protocols and plays important role in minimizing the MAC/PHY and enhancing the average throughput along with average packet delivery ratio.

scholarly journals Video streaming over Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 863-874
Author(s):  
Othman O. Khalifa ◽  
Diaa Eldin Mustafa Ahmed ◽  
Aisha Hassan Abdalla Hashim ◽  
Mudathir Yagoub
Keyword(s):  
Video Streaming ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Aodv Protocol ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Hoc Networks

Video streaming is content sent in compressed form over the netwoks and viwed the users progressively. The transmission of video with the end goal that it can be prepared as consistent and nonstop stream. The point is that to give client support to client at anyplace and at whatever time. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are considered an attractive nertwork for information transmission in many applications where the customer programme can begin showing the information before the whole record has been transmitted. Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is considered as one of the most important routing protocols in MANET. However, routing protocols assume a crucial part in transmission of information over the network. This paper investigates the performance of AODV Routing Protocol under video traffic over PHY IEEE 802.11g. The protocol model was developed in OPNET. Different outcomes from simulation based models are analyzed and appropriate reasons are also discussed. A different scenarios of video streaming were used. The metric in terms of throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio and routing overhead were measured. A comparision with GRP and GRP are also reported.

scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Network - A Survey and Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 795
Author(s):  
Rahul M Desai ◽  
B P Patil ◽  
Davinder Pal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Demand Routing

<p class="Default">Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, Ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol, Dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols.  In this paper, existing protocols such as DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, OLSR and DSR are analyzed on 50 nodes Mobile Ad Hoc network with random mobility. Packet delivery ratio, delay, control overhead and throughput parameters are used for performance analysis.</p>

scholarly journals Congestion Control for Improved Cluster-head Gateway Switch Routing Protocol using Modified Ad-hoc on-demand Distance Vector Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 6013-6018
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

MANETs are a trending topic in the wireless communication network. MANETs are formed automatically by an autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected via wireless links. Cluster-head gateway switch routing protocol (CGSR) is a proactive protocol which is also called table-driven protocol. It consists of routing table information before setting up a connection. Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector protocol (AODV) is a reactive protocol, it sets path only when demanded by the network. CGSR protocol forms a group of nodes into clusters and selects a node as cluster-head based on some clustering algorithms for each cluster. In this paper, we have proposed a protocol, which combines the advantages of both CGSR and AODV to minimize traffic congestion in an ad-hoc wireless network. The performance metrics such as routing overhead, end-end delay, packet delivery ratio, throughput, and average energy consumption are enhanced and compared with other clustering protocols such as CGSR and LEACH protocols. The comparison result reveals that the routing overhead, end-end delay, and the average energy consumption is reduced and packet delivery ratio, throughput is improved.

scholarly journals Simulasi dan Pengkajian Performa Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Aletheia Anggelia Tonoro ◽  
Hartanto K. Wardana ◽  
Saptadi Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Link State ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Hoc Networks

Meningkatnya, tingkat kecelakaan dan kemacetan di jalan raya, dan berkembangnya teknologi informasi dengan menggunakan wireless, menghadirkan teknologi Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) sebagai standart komunikasi kendaraan. Salah satu, perkembangan WAVE adalah Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). Teknologi VANET memungkinkan sebuah perangkat komunikasi dapat berkomunikasi secara langsung dengan perangkat lain dalam posisi bergerak misalnya mobil. Meskipun VANET dapat membantu menyelesaikan permasalahan lalu lintas seperti kecelakaan, dan kemacetan, tapi untuk membangun infrastruktur jaringan VANET tidaklah mudah dan membutuhkan biaya yang cukup besar. Untuk itu, muncullah network simulator seperti VEINS, SUMO dan OMNET++ yang dapat membantu mensimulasikan jaringan VANET tanpa harus mengeluarkan biaya untuk membangun infrastrukturnya. Karena itu, pada akan dilakukan simulasi jaringan VANET menggunakan VEINS, SUMO dan OMNET++. Dalam pengujian unjuk kerja VANET digunakan 3 jenis routing yaitu Optimized Link State (OLSR), Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) dan Dynamic Manet on Demand (DYMO) dengan delay, throughput dan packet delivery ratio sebagai parameter pengujian.

scholarly journals UAV-Assisted Hybrid Scheme for Urban Road Safety Based on VANETs

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1499
Author(s):  
Sayed Jobaer ◽  
Yihong Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Ather Iqbal Hussain ◽  
Foysal Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector

Traffic congestion control is becoming a popular field of research due to the rapid development of the automotive market. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become the core research technology for numerous application possibilities related to road safety. Road congestions have been a serious issue of all time since the nodes have high mobility and transmission range is limited, resulting in an interruption of communication. One of the significant technical challenges faced in implementing VANET is the design of the routing protocol, providing adequate information and a reliable source for the destination. We proposed a novel mechanism unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol (UAVa) for current-time traffic information accumulation and sharing to the entire traffic network and to control congestions before it happens. The UAV-assisted (UAVa) protocol is dedicated to urban environments, and its primary goal is to enhance the performance of routing protocols based on intersections. We compared the overall performance of existing routing protocols, namely ad hoc on-demand distance vector. The simulations were done by using OpenStreetMap (OSM), Network Simulator (NS-2.35), Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), and VanetMobiSim. Furthermore, we compared the simulation results with AODV, and it shows that UAV-assisted (UAVa) AODV has significantly enhanced the packet delivery ratio, reduced the end-to-end delay, improved the average and instant throughput, and saved more energy. The results show that the UAVa is more robust and effective and we can conclude that UAVa is more suitable for VANETs.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of AODV, DSR and DYMO Routing Protocol in MANET

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Siti Rahayu Abdul Aziz ◽  
Nor Adora Endut ◽  
Shapina Abdullah ◽  
Mior Norazman Mior Daud
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Routing Overhead ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
On Demand ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Manet Routing

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a kind of wireless ad-hoc network, and is a self-configuring network of mobile routers connected wirelessly. MANET may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be connected to the larger Internet. Many routing protocols have been developed for MANETs over the past few years. This project evaluated three specific MANET routing protocols which are Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET On-demand routing protocol (DYMO) to better understand the major characteristics of these routing protocols. Different performance aspects were investigated in this project including; packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, throughput and average end-to-end delay. This project used Linux as an operating system based platform and discrete event simulator NS-2 as simulation software to compare the three MANET routing protocols. This project’s results indicated that all routing protocols perform well according to the performance metrics that have been selected. For packet delivery ratio metric, performance of AODV, DSR and DYMO routing protocols are quite similar to each other. The DSR performance is better compared to AODV and DYMO and has stable normalized routing overhead. In terms of throughput, DYMO routing protocol performs the best as compared to AODV and DSR. Finally, for average end to end delay, DYMO and AODV perform well in comparison with DSR.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of GPSR and AODV Routing Protocols in MANETS

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S) ◽  
pp. 459-461
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Protocol Performance ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collection of nodes connected through wireless medium and do not require infrastructure for operation. Network Topology keeps on changing because mobility of nodes are high. Therefore, it is important for MANETs to provide excellent routing and security features. Since MANETs do not require any pre-existing infrastructure, they are extensively used in emergency and rescue and military applications. MANETs thus will form essentially an important part in wireless networks. In this paper, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) routing protocol performance is compared with respect to Throughput and E2ED and observed that there is an improvement in throughput by 11% in case of GPSR. Simulation is performed using NS3.

scholarly journals Confidence-based Security System for Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2212-2218
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less network of wireless nodes. The network topology may change quickly with respect to time, due to node mobility. The network is a disintegrated network, activities such as delivering messages by determining the topology essential to be implemented by the nodes themselves i.e., the routing activity will be unified into mobile nodes. Due to the lack of centralized administration in multihop routing and open environment, MANET’s are susceptible to attacks by compromised nodes; hence, to provide security also energy efficiency is a crucial issue. So as to decrease the hazards of malicious nodes and resolve energy consumption issues, a simple confidence-based protocol is built to evaluate neighbor’s behaviour using forwarding factors. The reactive Ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol (AOMDV), is extended and confidence-based Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (CBAOMDV) protocol, is implemented for MANET. This implemented protocol is able to find multiple routes in one route discovery. These routes are calculated by confidence values and hop counts. From there, the shortest path is selected which fulfills the requirements of data packets for reliability on confidence. Several experimentations have been directed to relate AOMDV and CBAOMDV protocols and the outcomes show that CBAOMDV advances throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, and average energy consumption.

scholarly journals DyTE: An Effective Routing Protocol for VANET in Urban Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 6979-6985
Author(s):  
A. K. Kazi ◽  
S. M. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Intelligent Transport System ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Distance Vector

A Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of wireless ad-hoc networks, widely used in on-road vehicles and roadside equipment, having applications in various areas including passenger safety, smart traffic solutions, and connectivity on vehicles The VANET is the backbone of the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that establishes connectivity between vehicles through a wireless medium. When it comes to the communication between high-speed vehicles there is the challenge of dynamic mobility. In order to provide a higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and increase the throughput, a new routing protocol called Dynamic Trilateral Enrolment (DyTE) is introduced which chooses a dynamic trilateral zone to find the destination vehicle by allowing only relevant nodes to participate in the communication process using the location coordinates of source and destination nodes. The proposed routing protocol is compared with Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and the results show remarkable improvement in reducing the Network Routing Load (NRL) and increasing the PDR and throughput of the network. DyTE has performed more efficiently in terms of PDR (23% approximately), throughput (26% approximately) and drastically minimized the NRL by a factor of almost 3.

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