Concluding Remarks: Nutritional Strategies to Increase Performance Capacity

The improvement of performance capacity represents the objective to be achieved within sport training, as it is materialised by obtaining valuable results. The sport condition represents the essence of performance capacity. This is the reason why I have decided to study thoroughly the notions related to „sport condition”, but mainly because I wanted to reach an agreement with respect to the age when performance athletes and swimmers achieve the peak sport condition during their career, obtaining the most important victories or results in important competitions. By analysing the specialised literature, based on both the observation, and statistical-mathematical method, I have taken over and calculated the average ages both for women and for men using nine studies of sport specialists. Splitting both the athletic and swim trials in two categories, namely: speed/explosion trials and endurance trial, I have reached the conclusion that the average age when men achieve the peak sport condition is 26 years and of women 25.3 years. Also, each trial has its characteristics, therefore, the average ages of reaching the peak sport condition are different.

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A model to account for the consequences of host nutrition on the outcome of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep: model evaluation

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182007002624 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 134 (9) ◽

pp. 1279-1289 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

D. VAGENAS ◽

S. C. BISHOP ◽

I. KYRIAZAKIS

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Worm Burden ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Sheep Model ◽

Host Nutrition ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasitism ◽

Different Characteristics ◽

Nutritional Strategies ◽

Different Levels

SUMMARYThis paper describes sensitivity analyses and expectations obtained from a mathematical model developed to account for the effects of host nutrition on the consequences of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep. The scenarios explored included different levels of parasitic challenge at different planes of nutrition, for hosts differing only in their characteristics for growth. The model was able to predict the consequences of host nutrition on the outcome of parasitism, in terms of worm burden, number of eggs excreted per gram faeces and animal performance. The model outputs predict that conclusions on the ability of hosts of different characteristics for growth to cope with parasitism (i.e. resistance) depend on the plane of nutrition. Furthermore, differences in the growth rate of sheep, on their own, are not sufficient to account for differences in the observed resistance of animals. The model forms the basis for evaluating the consequences of differing management strategies and environments, such as breeding for certain traits associated with resistance and nutritional strategies, on the consequences of gastrointestinal parasitism on sheep.

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Aerodynamic analysis and design optimization of annular diffuser to enhance the performance capacity

10.1063/5.0050254 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rahul Kumar ◽

K. D. P. Singh

Keyword(s):

Design Optimization ◽

Performance Capacity ◽

Analysis And Design ◽

Aerodynamic Analysis ◽

Annular Diffuser

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Optimizing Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Growth Failure after Bowel Resection

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020340 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Laura Moschino ◽

Miriam Duci ◽

Francesco Fascetti Leon ◽

Luca Bonadies ◽

Elena Priante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽

Bowel Resection ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

Nutrient Deficiency ◽

Growth Failure ◽

Failure To Thrive ◽

Rehabilitation Programs ◽

Neurodevelopmental Impairment ◽

Intestinal Rehabilitation ◽

Nutritional Strategies

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the first cause of short bowel syndrome (SBS) in the neonate, is a serious neonatal gastrointestinal disease with an incidence of up to 11% in preterm newborns less than 1500 g of birth weight. The rate of severe NEC requiring surgery remains high, and it is estimated between 20–50%. Newborns who develop SBS need prolonged parenteral nutrition (PN), experience nutrient deficiency, failure to thrive and are at risk of neurodevelopmental impairment. Prevention of NEC is therefore mandatory to avoid SBS and its associated morbidities. In this regard, nutritional practices seem to play a key role in early life. Individualized medical and surgical therapies, as well as intestinal rehabilitation programs, are fundamental in the achievement of enteral autonomy in infants with acquired SBS. In this descriptive review, we describe the most recent evidence on nutritional practices to prevent NEC, the available tools to early detect it, the surgical management to limit bowel resection and the best nutrition to sustain growth and intestinal function.

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Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 402

Author(s):

Anne M.S. Huting ◽

Anouschka Middelkoop ◽

Xiaonan Guan ◽

Francesc Molist

Keyword(s):

Future Research ◽

Gut Health ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Functional Ingredients ◽

Progressive Development ◽

Creep Feed ◽

Fermentation Capacity ◽

Gastric Barrier ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽

Nutritional Strategies

This is a comprehensive review on the use of nutritional strategies to shape the functioning of the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling and weaned piglets. The progressive development of a piglet’s gut and the associated microbiota and immune system offers a unique window of opportunity for supporting gut health through dietary modulation. This is particularly relevant for large litters, for which sow colostrum and milk are insufficient. The authors have therefore proposed the use of supplemental milk and creep feed with a dual purpose. In addition to providing nutrients to piglets, supplemental milk can also serve as a gut modulator in early life by incorporating functional ingredients with potential long-term benefits. To prepare piglets for weaning, it is important to stimulate the intake of solid feed before weaning, in addition to stimulating the number of piglets eating. The use of functional ingredients in creep feed and a transition diet around the time of weaning helps to habituate piglets to solid feed in general, while also preparing the gut for the digestion and fermentation of specific ingredients. In the first days after weaning (i.e., the acute phase), it is important to maintain high levels of feed intake and focus on nutritional strategies that support good gastric (barrier) function and that avoid overloading the impaired digestion and fermentation capacity of the piglets. In the subsequent maturation phase, the ratio of lysine to energy can be increased gradually in order to stimulate piglet growth. This is because the digestive and fermentation capacity of the piglets is more mature at this stage, thus allowing the inclusion of more fermentable fibres. Taken together, the nutritional strategies addressed in this review provide a structured approach to preparing piglets for success during weaning and the period that follows. The implementation of this approach and the insights to be developed through future research can help to achieve some of the most important goals in pig production: reducing piglet mortality, morbidity and antimicrobial use.

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Energetic Demands and Nutritional Strategies of Elite Cross-Country Skiers During Tour de Ski: A Narrative Review

Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise ◽

10.1007/s42978-020-00105-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ida A. Heikura ◽

Oona Kettunen ◽

Ina Garthe ◽

Heidi Holmlund ◽

Silvana Bucher Sandbakk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Narrative Review ◽

Cross Country ◽

Nutritional Strategies

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Prenatal Nutritional Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Preterm Birth

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000509901 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Karen Patricia Best ◽

Judith Gomersall ◽

Maria Makrides

Keyword(s):

Preterm Birth ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cochrane Review ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Dietary Nutrients ◽

Preterm Babies ◽

Nutritional Strategies

Worldwide, around 15 million preterm babies are born annually, and despite intensive research, the specific mechanisms triggering preterm birth (PTB) remain unclear. Cost-effective primary prevention strategies to reduce PTB are required, and nutritional interventions offer a promising alternative. Nutrients contribute to a variety of mechanisms that are potentially important to preterm delivery, such as infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle contractility. Several observational studies have explored the association between dietary nutrients and/or dietary patterns and PTB, often with contrasting results. Randomized trial evidence on the effects of supplementation with zinc, multiple micronutrients (iron and folic acid), and vitamin D is promising; however, results are inconsistent, and many studies are not adequately powered for outcomes of PTB. Large-scale clinical trials with PTB as the primary outcome are needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn for these nutrients. The strongest evidence to date for a nutritional solution exists for omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), key nutrients in fish. In 2018, a Cochrane Review (including 70 studies) showed that prenatal supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs reduced the risk of PTB and early PTB (EPTB) compared with no omega-3 supplementation. However, the largest trial of omega-3 supplementation in pregnancy, the Omega-3 to Reduce the Incidence of Prematurity (ORIP) trial (<i>n</i> = 5,544), showed no reduction in EPTB and a reduction in PTB only in a prespecified analysis of singleton pregnancies. Exploratory analyses from the ORIP trial found that women with low baseline total omega-3 status were at higher risk of EPTB, and that this risk was substantially reduced with omega-3 supplementation. In contrast, women with replete or high baseline total omega-3 status were already at low risk of EPTB and additional omega-3 supplementation increased the risk of EPTB compared to control. These findings suggest that determining an individual woman’s PUFA status may be the most precise way to inform recommendations to reduce her risk of PTB.

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