Ebolavirus Vaccines: Progress in the Fight Against Ebola Virus Disease

Ebolaviruses are highly infectious pathogens that cause lethal Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans and non-human primates (NHPs). Due to their high pathogenicity and transmissibility, as well as the potential to be misused as a bioterrorism agent, ebolaviruses would threaten the health of global populations if not controlled. In this review, we describe the origin and structure of ebolaviruses and the development of vaccines from the beginning of the 1980s, including conventional ebolavirus vaccines, DNA vaccines, Ebola virus-like particles (VLPs), vaccinia virus-based vaccines, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)-like replicon particles, Kunjin virus-based vaccine, recombinant Zaire Ebolavirus∆VP30, recombinant cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines, recombinant rabies virus (RABV)-based vaccines, recombinant paramyxovirus-based vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccines. No licensed vaccine or specific treatment is currently available to counteract ebolavirus infection, although DNA plasmids and several viral vector approaches have been evaluated as promising vaccine platforms. These vaccine candidates have been confirmed to be successful in protecting NHPs against lethal infection. Moreover, these vaccine candidates were successfully advanced to clinical trials. The present review provides an update of the current research on Ebola vaccines, with the aim of providing an overview on current prospects in the fight against EVD.

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Emergence of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD): Key Facts

Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/akmmcj.v6i1.24983 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 35-37

Author(s):

Md Mahfuzar Rahman ◽

Farnaz Mehrin ◽

Fahim Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Background Information ◽

Global Threat

The modern emerging infection Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is of global threat originates from Africa region. This is zoonotic and identified as human diseases or previously called Ebola hemorrhagic fever which is a highly fatal human illness where case fatality rate is found up to 90%. The virus transmission begins from wild animals to human and then spreads within population through human to human. Fruit bats are found as natural host of Ebola virus. There is no specific treatment or vaccine available in the market so far, intensive supportive care is needed for severely ill patients. This paper highlights background information, problem statement, viral characteristics, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, prevention & vaccination. It also indicates possible actions towards prevention of transmission & personal protection.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 6, No. 1: January 2015, Pages 35-37

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Ebola Virus and its Public Health Significance: A Review

Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research ◽

10.23880/oajvsr-16000165 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Nesradin Y

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Hypovolemic Shock ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Supportive Therapy ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Electrolyte Balance

Ebola virus disease is a severe, often - fatal, zoonotic viral disease in humans and Nonhuman primates (NHP) like monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. Ebola is RNA virus that belongs to the family filoviridae, genus Ebola virus. The viruses (EBOV) are enveloped, non - segmented, negative - sense, single - stranded RNA viruses. Ebola virus disease (EVD) was first described in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1976. The exact origin, locations and natural reservoir of Ebola virus remain unclear. People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact with the blood and/or secretions of an in fected person. Hunting and butchering of wildlife (great apes and fruit bats) has been identified in previous outbreaks as a potential source of infection. The onset of Ebola virus disease is sudden and early symptoms includes; fever and headache, followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Patients in the final stage of disease die in the clinical picture of massive bleeding, severe dehydration, hypovolemic shock and multi - organ failure. Ebola virus infections can be diagnosed by detecting antigens with an antigen capture ELISA and by detecting viral RNA with Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT - PCR). No specific treatment has been demonstrated yet to be safe and effective for Ebola virus. Standard treatment currently consists of supportive therapy, i ncluding maintenance of blood volume and electrolyte balance, as well as standard nursing care. Prevention and control is mainly based on appropriate precautions to break ways of transmission. Despite the fact that no detection of the virus had been discov ered in Ethiopia so far, it is in medium risk country because of most people travelling from West Africa to South Africa travels via these countries. But, there is lack of updated information on Ebola virus and its zoonotic importance. All the necessary pr ecautions should be made to prevent the virus from entering the country and thus Ethiopian Airlines has been informing passengers on ways to reduce risking exposure and preventing the spread of the disease for those traveling to and from affected countries.

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Letter-to-Editor II

Journal of SAFOG with DVD ◽

10.5005/jsafog-6-2-x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Ayush Agarwal ◽

Omkar Singh ◽

VK Rastogi

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Human Beings ◽

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

ABSTRACT • Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness of human beings having a case fatality rate of up to 90%. • Ebola virus disease outbreaks occur primarily in remote Central and West Africa, near the tropical rainforests. • The virus is transmitted to humans from wild animals and spreads in the human beings through physical contact. • It does not transmit through vectors or air-borne droplets. • Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No specific treatment or vaccine is available for use.

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Glycoprotein GP as a basis for the universal vaccine against Ebola virus disease

Bulletin of Russian State Medical University ◽

10.24075/brsmu.2019.005 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 78-85

Author(s):

IV Dolzhikova ◽

AI Tukhvatulin ◽

AS Gromova ◽

DM Grousova ◽

NM Tukhvatulina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

Universal Vaccine ◽

Protective Properties ◽

Protective Epitope ◽

Zaire Ebolavirus ◽

Immunodominant Epitopes

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the deadliest viral infections affecting humans and nonhuman primates. Of 6 known representatives of the Ebolavirus genus responsible for the disease, 3 can infect humans, causing acute highly contagious fever characterized by up to 90% fatality. These include Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV), Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV). The majority of the reported EVD cases are caused by ZEBOV. Vaccine development against the virus started in 1976, immediately after the causative agent of the infection was identified. So far, 4 vaccines have been approved. All of them are based on the protective epitope of the ZEBOV glycoprotein GP. Because SUDV and BDBV can also cause outbreaks and epidemics, it is vital to design a vaccine capable of conferring protection against all known ebolaviruses posing a threat to the human population. This article presents systematized data on the structure, immunogenicity and protective properties of ebolavirus glycoprotein GP, looks closely at the immunodominant epitopes of ZEBOV, SUDV and BDBV glycoprotein GP required to elicit a protective immune response, and offers a rational perspective on the development of a universal vaccine against EVD that relies on the use of vectors expressing two variants of GP represented by ZEBOV and SUDV.

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