scholarly journals Monitoring Body Water Balance in Pregnant and Nursing Women: The Validity of Urine Color

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. McKenzie ◽  
Lawrence E. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
And Control

Background: Urine osmolality (UOSM) reflects the renal regulation of excess fluid or deficit fluid, and therefore, serves as a marker of hydration status. Little is known about monitoring hydration in pregnant and lactating women despite significant physiological challenges to body water balance during that time. Therefore, we designed a study to assess if urine color (UCOL), an inexpensive and practical method, was a valid means of assessing urine concentration. Twenty-four hour UCOL was significantly correlated with 24 h UOSM in all women: pregnant, lactating, and control (r = 0.61-0.84, all p < 0.001). Utilizing a receiver operating characteristic statistical analysis, we found that 24 h and single sample UCOL had excellent diagnostic accuracy for identifying UOSM ≥500 mOsm·kg-1 in all women (area under the curve = 0.68-0.95, p < 0.001-0.46), and the UCOL that reflected this cut off was ≥4 on the UCOL chart. Summary: Therefore, UCOL is a valid marker of urine concentration and ultimately hydration status in pregnant, lactating, and non-pregnant, non-lactating women. For pregnant, lactating, and control women, the UCOL chart is a valid tool that can be used to monitor urine concentration in a single sample or over the course of the day via a 24 h sample. Key Message: Women who present with a UCOL of 4 or more likely have a UOSM ≥500 mOsm·kg-1. Given the positive health benefits associated with UOSM <500 mOsm·kg-1, women should aim for a 1, 2, or 3 on the UCOL chart. If a UCOL of ≥4 is observed, women should consider increasing fluid consumption to improve hydration status.

scholarly journals Hydration status, body composition, and anxiety status in aeronautical military personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Carretero-Krug ◽  
Natalia Úbeda ◽  
Carlos Velasco ◽  
Juan Medina-Font ◽  
Trinidad Trujillo Laguna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Total Water Intake

Abstract Background An adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety. Methods A total of 188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. Based on these methods, the criteria of hydration were established. Results Of the total sample, 81% met the hydration criteria (urine color = well hydrated, water balance ≥ 0 ml, and total water intake/weight ≥ 35 ml/kg), and 19% did not meet the hydration criteria (urine color = not sufficiently hydrated or dehydrated, water balance < 0 ml, and total water intake/weight < 35 ml/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score = 4 vs. 3, P = 0.026), weight [(84.7 ± 10.5) vs. (80.5 ± 10.2) kg], body mass index [(26.3 ± 3.1) vs. (25.2 ± 2.8)]kg/m2, body fat [(22.3 ± 5.6) vs. (18.3 ± 6.5)] %, urine specific gravity, and urine color. Using a logistic binary regression model, hydration status was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (P = 0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidities, or medications. Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (r = 0.357, P = 0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (r = − 0.427, P = 0.000), percentage of body fat (r = − 0.405, P = 0.000), and waist/hip ratio (r = − 0.223, P = 0.002). Based on a linear regression model, total water intake/weight was related significantly with percentage of body fat (P = 0.001) and percentage of body water content (P = 0.035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidities, or medications. Conclusions These findings all suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

scholarly journals Availability of a Flavored Beverage and Impact on Children’s Hydration Status, Sleep, and Mood

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1757
Author(s):  
Michael R. Szymanski ◽  
Gabrielle E. W. Giersch ◽  
Margaret C. Morrissey ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Profile Of Mood States ◽  
Urine Color

Euhydration remains a challenge in children due to lack of access and unpalatability of water and to other reasons. The purpose of this study was to determine if the availability/access to a beverage (Creative Roots®) influences hydration in children and, therefore, sleep quality and mood. Using a crossover investigation, 46 participants were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or an intervention group and received Creative Roots® (INT) for two-week periods. We recorded daily first morning and afternoon urine color (Ucol), thirst perception, and bodyweight of the two groups. Participants reported to the lab once per week and provided first morning urine samples to assess Ucol, urine specific gravity (USG), and urine osmolality (Uosmo). Participants also completed the questionnaires Profile of Mood States-Adolescents (POMS-a) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Dependent t-tests were used to assess the effects of the intervention on hydration, mood, and sleep quality. Uosmo was greater and Ucol was darker in the control group (mean ± SD) [Uosmo: INT = 828 ± 177 mOsm·kg−1, CON = 879 ± 184 mOsm·kg−1, (p = 0.037], [Ucol:INT = 5 ± 1, CON = 5 ± 1, p = 0.024]. USG, POMS-a, and PSQI were not significant between the groups. At-home daily afternoon Ucol was darker in the control group [INT = 3 ± 1, CON = 3 ± 1, p = 0.022]. Access to Creative Roots® provides a small, potentially meaningful hydration benefit in children. However, children still demonstrated consistent mild dehydration based on Uosmo, despite consuming the beverage.

Effects of Three Oral Nutritional Supplements on Human Hydration Indices

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay A. Ellis ◽  
Brandon A. Yates ◽  
Amy L. McKenzie ◽  
Colleen X. Muñoz ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Double Blinded

Urine color (Ucol) as a hydration assessment tool provides practicality, ease of use, and correlates moderately to strongly with urine specific gravity (Usg) and urine osmolality (Uosm). Indicative of daily fluid turnover, along with solute and urochrome excretion in 24-hr samples, Ucol may also reflect dietary composition. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of Ucol as a hydration status biomarker after nutritional supplementation with beetroot (880 mg), vitamin C (1000 mg), and riboflavin (200 mg). Twenty males (Mean ± SD; age, 21 ± 2 y; body mass, 82.12 ± 15.58 kg; height, 1.77 ± 0.06 m) consumed a standardized breakfast and collected all urine voids on one control day (CON) and 1 day after consuming a standardized breakfast and a randomized and double-blinded supplement (SUP) over 3 weeks. Participants replicated exercise and diet for one day before CON, and throughout CON and SUP. Ucol, Usg, Uosm, and urine volume were measured in all 24-hr samples, and Ucol and Usg were measured in all single samples. Ucol was a significant predictor of single sample Usg after all supplements (p < .05). Interestingly, 24-hr Ucol was not a significant predictor of 24-h Usg and Uosm after riboflavin supplementation (p = .20, p = .21). Further, there was a significant difference between CON and SUP 24-h Ucol only after riboflavin supplementation (p < .05). In conclusion, this investigation suggests that users of the UCC (urine color chart) should consider riboflavin supplementation when classifying hydration status and use a combination of urinary biomarkers (e.g., Usg and Ucol), both acutely and over 24 hr.

scholarly journals Hydration Status, Body Composition and Anxiety Status in Aeronautical Military Personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Carretero-Krug ◽  
Carlos Velasco ◽  
Juan Medina-Font ◽  
Trinidad Trujillo Laguna ◽  
Gregorio Varela-Moreiras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Total Water Intake

Abstract Background: An adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety.Methods: 188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. According to that, criteria of hydration was established.Results: 81% of the total sample met hydration criteria (urine color = Well hydrated, Water Balance ≥ 0 mL, and total water intake/weight ≥35 mL/kg) and 19% did not meet hydration criteria (urine color = Not enough hydrated or Dehydrated, Water Balance < 0 mL, and total water intake/weight < 35 mL/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score= 4 vs 3, p=0.026), weight (84.7 ± 10.5 vs 80.5 ± 10.2 Kg), Body Mass Index (26.3 ± 3.1 vs 25.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2), body fat (22.3 ± 5.6 vs 18.3 ± 6.5 %), urine specific gravity and urine color. The Hydration Status, in a logistic binary regression model was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (p=0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidity and medication. Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (rho=0.357, p=0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (rho= -0.427, p=0.000), percentage of body fat (rho= -0.405, p=0.000) and waist/hip ratio (rho= -0.223, p=0.002). The total water intake/weight, in a linear regression model was related significantly with the percentages of body fat (p=0.019) and body water (p= 0,035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidity and medication.Conclusion: All these findings suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition, but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

scholarly journals Hydration Status, Body Composition and Anxiety Status in Aeronautical Military Personnel from Spain: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Carretero-Krug ◽  
Carlos Velasco ◽  
Juan Medina-Font ◽  
Trinidad Trujillo Laguna ◽  
Gregorio Varela-Moreiras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Total Water Intake

Abstract BackgroundAn adequate hydration status is critical to ensure efficiency during mental and physical activities. Our goal was to assess the hydration status of a Spanish group of aeronautical military men and to determine the association of hydration status with body composition and anxiety.Methods188 men were evaluated through a validated hydration questionnaire, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an anxiety questionnaire. According to that, criteria of hydration was established. Results81% of the total sample met hydration criteria (urine color = Well hydrated, Water Balance ≥ 0 mL, and total water intake/weight ≥35 mL/kg) and 19% did not meet hydration criteria (urine color = Not enough hydrated or Dehydrated, Water Balance < 0 mL, and total water intake/weight < 35 mL/kg). Subjects not meeting the hydration criteria had lower urine pH, negative water balance, and lower water intake. The latter also had higher anxiety status (score= 4 vs 3, p=0.026), weight (84.7 ± 10.5 vs 80.5 ± 10.2 Kg), Body Mass Index (26.3 ± 3.1 vs 25.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2), body fat (22.3 ± 5.6 vs 18.3 ± 6.5 %), urine specific gravity and urine color. The Hydration Status, in a logistic binary regression model was related significantly with the percentage of body fat (p=0.004), but no relation was found with age, comorbidity and medication.Furthermore, total water intake/weight was positively correlated with percentage of body water (rho=0.357, p=0.000) and negatively with body fat (kg) (rho= -0.427, p=0.000), percentage of body fat (rho= -0.405, p=0.000) and waist/hip ratio (rho= -0.223, p=0.002). The total water intake/weight, in a linear regression model was related significantly with the percentages of body fat (p=0.019) and body water (p= 0,035). No relation was found, however, with waist/hip ratio, age, comorbidity and medication.ConclusionAll these findings suggest a relationship between hydration status and body composition, but also set the bases for future studies that relate hydration status and anxiety status. These results can be used to improve the hydration status and body composition of military personnel.

scholarly journals The Relationship between %BML, Urine Color, Thirst Level and Urine Indices of Hydration Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Cody R. Butler ◽  
Margaret C. Morrissey ◽  
Erica M. Filep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
No Gold Standard ◽  
The Relationship

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Dehydration is known to impair health, quality of daily life, and exercise performance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]. While several methods are utilized to assess fluid balance, there is no gold standard to assess hydration status [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>]. Cheuvront and Kenefick [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>] suggested the use of a Venn diagram, which consists of % body mass weight (BML), urine color, and thirst level (WUT) to measure hydration status and fluid needs. However, no study to date has examined the relationship between the WUT criteria and hydration status measured by urine indices. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between urine-specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (<i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>), and the WUT criteria. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-two females (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 year; weight, 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) and twenty-one males (age, 21 ± 1 year; body mass, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) participated in this study. First-morning body mass, urine color, USG, <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>, and thirst level were collected for 10 consecutive days. First 3 days were utilized to establish a euhydrated baseline body weight. %BML &#x3e;1%, urine color &#x3e;5, and thirst level ≥5 were used as the dehydration thresholds. The number of markers that indicated dehydration levels was summed when each variable met each threshold. One-way ANOVA with Tukey pairwise comparison was used to assess the differences in USG and <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>, followed by a calculation of effect size (ES). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref> indicates the differences of <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub> based on the WUT criteria. For <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub>, “2 markers indicated” (mean [M] ± SD [ES], 705 ± 253 mOsmol [0.43], <i>p</i> = 0.018) was significantly higher than “1 marker indicated” (M ± SD, 597 ± 253 mOsmol). Additionally, “zero marker indicated” (509 ± 249 mOsmol) was significantly lower than “3 markers indicated” (M ± SD [ES], 761 ± 250 mOsmol, [1.01], <i>p</i> = 0.02) and “2 markers indicated” ([ES], [0.78], <i>p</i> = 0.004). However, there was no statistical difference between “3 markers indicated” ([ES], [0.65], <i>p</i> = 0.13) and “1 marker indicated.” For USG, “3 markers indicated” (M ± SD [ES], 1.021 ± 0.007 [0.57], <i>p</i> = 0.025) and “2 markers indicated” (M ± SD [ES], 1.019 ± 0.010 [0.31], <i>p</i> = 0.026) were significantly higher than “1 marker indicated” (M ± SD, 1.016 ± 0.009). Additionally, “zero marker indicated” (1.014 ± 0.005) was significantly lower than “3 markers indicated” ([ES], [1.21], <i>p</i> = 0.005) and “2 markers indicated” ([ES], [0.54], <i>p</i> = 0.009). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> When 3 markers indicated dehydration levels, <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub> and USG were greater than euhydrated cut points. When 2 markers indicated dehydration levels, USG was higher than the euhydrated cut point. Additionally, <i>U</i><sub>OSM</sub> and USG were significantly lower when zero or 1 marker indicated dehydration levels. Thus, the WUT criteria are a useful tool to assess hydration status. Athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and medical professions can use this strategy in the field settings to optimize their performance and health without consuming money and time.

Relationships Between WUT (Body Weight, Urine Color, and Thirst Level) Criteria and Urine Indices of Hydration Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110384
Author(s):  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Cody R. Butler ◽  
Margaret C. Morrissey ◽  
Erica M. Filep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Body Mass Loss ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Urine Color

Background: A Venn diagram consisting of percentage body mass loss, urine color, and thirst perception (weight, urine, thirst [WUT]) has been suggested as a practical method to assess hydration status. However, no study to date has examined relationships between WUT and urine hydration indices. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and the WUT criteria. Hypothesis: Urine specific gravity and urine osmolality indicate hypohydration when the WUT criteria demonstrate hypohydration (≥2 markers). Study Design: Laboratory cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 22 women (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 1 years; mass, 65.4 ± 12.6 kg) and 21 men (age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass, 78.7 ± 14.6 kg) participated in this study. First morning body mass, urine color, urine specific gravity, urine osmolality, and thirst level were collected for 10 consecutive days in a free-living situation. Body mass loss >1%, urine color >5, and thirst level ≥5 were used as the dehydration thresholds. The number of markers that indicated dehydration levels were counted and categorized into either 3, 2, 1, or 0 WUT markers that indicated dehydration. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey pairwise comparisons was used to assess the differences in urine specific gravity and urine osmolality between the different number of WUT markers. Results: Urine specific gravity in 3 WUT markers (mean ± SD [effect size], 1.021 ± 0.007 [0.57]; P = 0.025) and 2 WUT markers (1.019 ± 0.010 [0.31]; P = 0.026) was significantly higher than 1 WUT marker (1.016 ± 0.009). Urine mosmolality in 2 WUT markers (705 ± 253 mOsmol [0.43]; P = 0.018) was significantly higher than 1 WUT (597 ± 253 mOsmol). Meeting at least 2 WUT markers resulted in sensitivities of 0.652 (2 WUT criteria met) and 0.933 (3 WUT criteria met) to detect urine osmolality >700 mOsmol. Conclusion: These results suggest that when 3 WUT markers are met, urine specific gravity and urine osmolality were greater than euhydration cutoff points. The WUT criterion is a useful tool to use in field settings to assess hydration status when first morning urine sample was used. Clinical Relevance: Athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and medical professionals can use WUT criteria to monitor dehydration with reduced cost and time.

Urinary Indices of Hydration Status

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence E. Armstrong ◽  
Carl M. Maresh ◽  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Michael F. Bergeron ◽  
Robert W. Kenefick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

Athletes and researchers could benefit from a simple and universally accepted technique to determine whether humans are well-hydrated, euhydrated, or hypohydrated. Two laboratory studies (A, B) and one field study (C) were conducted to determine if urine color () indicates hydration status accurately and to clarify the interchangeability of , urine osmolality (), and urine specific gravity () in research. , , and were not significantly correlated with plasma osmolality, plasma sodium, or hemato-crit. This suggested that these hematologic measurements are not as sensitive to mild hypohydration (between days) as the selected urinary indices are. When the data from A, B, and C were combined, was strongly correlated with and U„sm. It was concluded that (a) may be used in athletic/industrial settings or field studies, where close estimates of or are acceptable, but should not be utilized in laboratories where greater precision and accuracy are required, and (b) and may be used interchangeably to determine hydration status.

Hydration Status of Arabic Adolescents and Young Men: Measurement, Evaluation, and a School-Based Initiative to Improve Drinking Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Carter ◽  
Tom Loney ◽  
Sam D. Blacker ◽  
Graham F. Nicholson ◽  
David M. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Health Campaign ◽  
Measurement Evaluation ◽  
School Based ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Background:Despite the importance of hydration, limited research on the topic has been undertaken in Arabic populations.Methods:Study 1. Five sequential daily midmorning urine samples were provided by 88 adult military cadets and 32 school-based adolescents. Hydration thresholds were produced using percentiles of estimated urine osmolality (Uosm) and urine color (Ucol). Study 2. The authors assessed 1,077 midmorning urine samples from 120 military cadets and 52 adolescents for the Uosm:Ucol relationship using regression. Study 3. The authors conducted a 4-wk hydration campaign in which 21 adolescents participated, providing urine samples before (PreC), at the end of (EndC), and 2 wk after the campaign (PostC).Results:Study 1. Euhydration (41–60th percentile) was 881–970 mOsmol/kg in adults and 821–900 mOsmol/kg in adolescents. Study 2. In both cohorts, Uosm and Ucol were associated (p < .01): adults R2 = .33, adolescents R2 = .59. Study 3. Urine osmolality was significantly higher PreC than at EndC and PostC.Conclusions:Urinary output of Arabic adolescents and military cadets was more concentrated than frequently recommended for euhydration. Further work in similar populations is required to determine if these values represent hypohydration or merely reflect dietary and cultural differences. In male Arabic adolescents and adults, Ucol was an adequate indicator of hydration status. Favorable hydration changes were made after a school-based health campaign.

scholarly journals Measures of Good Hydration Are Associated to Lower Cognitive Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 918-918
Author(s):  
Gabriel Reichert Blume ◽  
Nicos Georghiades ◽  
Steven Riechman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Color Scale ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Accepted Practice

Abstract Objectives It is accepted practice to maintain hydration to optimize physical performance. However, ranges of hydration conditions on cognitive performance (CP) is not well studied. CP is crucial for both athletic performance and daily activities, therefore the purpose of this study was to determine if variance in hydration status would be associated with CP. Methods 121 participants performed 15 visual cognitive training sessions (Neurotracker, NT) in 10 visits to the laboratory. On the days of training, recent fluid intake, urine color (Urine color scale, UC), and body water (BIA) were documented. Results Individuals with average urine color indicating good hydration (UCmean = 1.72 ± 0.30, N = 67) performed significantly (P = 0.017) worse (NTmean = 1.52 ± 0.34) than those with a borderline dehydrated indicator (UCmean = 2.91 ± 0.55, NTmean = 1.68 ± 0.33, N = 54). Moreover, those with no recent beverage consumption (47 occurrences) performed significantly better (NT = 1.70 ± 0.43) than those who consumed water (NT = 1.55 ± 0.48, 671 occurrences), tea (1.39 ± 0.29, 58 occurrences), coffee (NT = 1.57 ± 0.46, 163 occurrences), and milk (NT = 1.57 ± 0.41, 102 occurrences). Body water (BIA) variation was not significantly associated to CP. Conclusions Optimal hydration may not occur at the highest values of the urine color scale possibly due to moderate hyponatremia and hemodilution that could impact CP. Funding Sources None.

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