scholarly journals Type 1 Taste Receptors in Taste and Metabolism

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (Suppl. 3) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kochem
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Umami Taste ◽  
Insulin Regulation ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Our sense of taste allows us to evaluate the nutritive value of foods prior to ingesting them. Sweet taste signals the presence of sugars, and savory taste signals the presence of amino acids. The ability to identify these macronutrients in foods was likely crucial for the survival of our species when nourishing food sources were sparse. In modern, industrialized settings, taste perception continues to play an important role in human health as we attempt to prevent and treat conditions stemming from overnutrition. Recent research has revealed that type 1 taste receptors (T1Rs), which are largely responsible for sweet and umami taste, may also influence the absorption and metabolism of the foods we eat. Preliminary research shows that T1Rs contribute to intestinal glucose absorption, blood sugar and insulin regulation, and the body's responses to excessive energy intake. In light of these findings, T1Rs have come to be understood as nutrient sensors, among other roles, that facilitate the selection, digestion, and metabolism of foods.

scholarly journals Sweet and Umami Taste Perception Differs with Habitual Exercise in Males

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Feeney ◽  
Laura Leacy ◽  
Mark O’Kelly ◽  
Niamh Leacy ◽  
Abbie Phelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Intensity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Umami Taste ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Habitual Exercise

Taste is influenced by several factors. However, whether habitual exercise level is associated with differences in taste perception has received little investigation. The aim of this study was to determine if habitual exercise is associated with differences in taste perception in men. Active (n = 16) and inactive (n = 14) males, between ages 18–55, underwent two days of sensory testing, using prototypical taste stimuli of high and low concentrations for sweet, salt, bitter, sour, umami, and carbohydrate (maltodextrin). Mean perceived intensity and hedonic ratings were recorded. Eating behaviour was assessed by the three factor eating questionnaire and food intake by EPIC food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). There were moderate to large differences between the two groups in perceived intensity for sweet taste at the high concentration and umami taste at both high and low concentrations, with active males recording a higher perceived intensity (p < 0.05 for all). The active group also recorded a greater dislike for umami low and carbohydrate low concentration (p < 0.01). Salt, bitter and sour perception did not significantly differ between the two groups. FFQ analysis showed no difference in % energy from macronutrients between the groups. Eating behaviour traits correlated with sweet taste intensity and umami taste liking, independent of activity status. Results indicated that sweet and umami taste perception differ in active compared to inactive males. Habitual exercise level should be considered in taste perception research and in product development. Whether differences in taste perception could be one factor influencing food intake and thus energy balance with habitual exercise warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Sweet taste receptors in rat small intestine stimulate glucose absorption through apical GLUT2

2007 ◽  
Vol 582 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J. Mace ◽  
Julie Affleck ◽  
Nick Patel ◽  
George L. Kellett
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors

scholarly journals Sweet-taste receptors, low-energy sweeteners, glucose absorption and insulin release

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1415-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G. Renwick ◽  
Samuel V. Molinary
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Release ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors

The present review explores the interactions between sweeteners and enteroendocrine cells, and consequences for glucose absorption and insulin release. A combination of in vitro,in situ, molecular biology and clinical studies has formed the basis of our knowledge about the taste receptor proteins in the glucose-sensing enteroendocrine cells and the secretion of incretins by these cells. Low-energy (intense) sweeteners have been used as tools to define the role of intestinal sweet-taste receptors in glucose absorption. Recent studies using animal and human cell lines and knockout mice have shown that low-energy sweeteners can stimulate intestinal enteroendocrine cells to release glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide. These studies have given rise to major speculations that the ingestion of food and beverages containing low-energy sweeteners may act via these intestinal mechanisms to increase obesity and the metabolic syndrome due to a loss of equilibrium between taste receptor activation, nutrient assimilation and appetite. However, data from numerous publications on the effects of low-energy sweeteners on appetite, insulin and glucose levels, food intake and body weight have shown that there is no consistent evidence that low-energy sweeteners increase appetite or subsequent food intake, cause insulin release or affect blood pressure in normal subjects. Thus, the data from extensive in vivo studies in human subjects show that low-energy sweeteners do not have any of the adverse effects predicted by in vitro,in situ or knockout studies in animals.

scholarly journals Taste receptors are our mediators in shaping the taste preferences of a child

2018 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
A. N. Kasyanova ◽  
Yu. А. Dmitrieva ◽  
Е. B. Machneva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Cellular Structures ◽  
Taste Preferences ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Umami Taste ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors

The article presents modern data on the main molecular and genetic determinants of shaping the taste preferences. The authors present the structure and mechanism of the functioning of sweet taste receptors, umami taste, acidic and bitter tastes, as well as other molecules and cellular structures influencing the perception of flavors – the gust protein, toll-like receptors. They described the role of structures ensuring perception of taste outside the oral cavity – the cells of the hypothalamus. The article underlines the importance of the genetic polymorphism of these structures and the importance of interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors in shaping the taste preferences and eating behavior of the infant. Particular attention is given to the practical significance of the presented data in the context of introduction of supplemental foods for infants.

Small intestinal glucose absorption is increased in type 1 diabetes mellitus

2000 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. A608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Keith Rayner ◽  
Matthijs P. Schwartz ◽  
P. Sytze van Dam ◽  
Willem Renooij ◽  
Martin de Smet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption ◽  
Small Intestinal

Effects of Metformin and Sitagliptin Monotherapy on Expression of Intestinal and Renal Sweet Taste Receptors and Glucose Transporters in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (05) ◽  
pp. 329-335
Author(s):  
Minchun Zhang ◽  
Rilu Feng ◽  
Jiang Yue ◽  
Cheng Qian ◽  
Mei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Transporters ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors ◽  
Incretin Secretion ◽  
Zdf Rats

AbstractDisordered intestinal sweet taste receptors (STRs) are implicated in glucose homeostasis by involving in incretin secretion and glucose absorption. However, the effects of antidiabetic medications on STRs, downstream molecules, and glucose transporters expression are unknown. In our study, ZDF rats (n=24) were randomly treated by metformin (MET, 215.15 mg/kg), sitagliptin (SIT, 10.76 mg/kg), or saline for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were measured, and HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were calculated. One week later, we detected relative mRNA expression of T1R2/T1R3, α-gustducin, TRPM5 and glucose transporters including SGLT1, SGLT2, and GLUT2 in the small intestine and kidney. We found that though both metformin and sitagliptin effectively decreased fasting blood glucose, only metformin improved HOMA-IR and QUICKI (p<0.05). MRNA levels of STRs and sweet taste molecules in duodenum and jejunum were not different among three groups, but those in ileum were dramatically upregulated after SIT (vs. MET p<0.05; vs. CON p<0.01). SGLT1 and GLUT2 in ileum were markedly increased after SIT (p<0.01). In the kidney, expression of SGLT2 and GLUT2 were downregulated in both SIT and MET group (p<0.05). In conclusion, metformin and sitagliptin exerted different effects on expression of STRs and glucose transporters in the gut and kidney. STRs, downstream molecules, and glucose transporters in distal small intestinal were sensitively increased in response to sitagliptin than metformin treatment. Renal glucose transporters were downregulated after metformin and sitagliptin treatment.

scholarly journals Loss of sweet taste despite the conservation of sweet receptor genes in insectivorous bats

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. e2021516118
Author(s):  
Hengwu Jiao ◽  
Huan-Wang Xie ◽  
Libiao Zhang ◽  
Nima Zhuoma ◽  
Peihua Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptor ◽  
Sweet Taste Receptors

The evolution of taste perception is usually associated with the ecology and dietary changes of organisms. However, the association between feeding ecology and taste receptor evolution is unclear in some lineages of vertebrate animals. One example is the sweet taste receptor gene Tas1r2. Previous analysis of partial sequences has revealed that Tas1r2 has undergone equally strong purifying selection between insectivorous and frugivorous bats. To test whether the sweet taste function is also important in bats with contrasting diets, we examined the complete coding sequences of both sweet taste receptor genes (Tas1r2 and Tas1r3) in 34 representative bat species. Although these two genes are highly conserved between frugivorous and insectivorous bats at the sequence level, our behavioral experiments revealed that an insectivorous bat (Myotis ricketti) showed no preference for natural sugars, whereas the frugivorous species (Rousettus leschenaultii) showed strong preferences for sucrose and fructose. Furthermore, while both sweet taste receptor genes are expressed in the taste tissue of insectivorous and frugivorous bats, our cell-based assays revealed striking functional divergence: the sweet taste receptors of frugivorous bats are able to respond to natural sugars whereas those of insectivorous bats are not, which is consistent with the behavioral preference tests, suggesting that functional evolution of sweet taste receptors is closely related to diet. This comprehensive study suggests that using sequence conservation alone could be misleading in inferring protein and physiological function and highlights the power of combining behavioral experiments, expression analysis, and functional assays in molecular evolutionary studies.

Expression of sweet receptor components in equine small intestine: relevance to intestinal glucose transport

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (2) ◽  
pp. R199-R208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Daly ◽  
Miran Al-Rammahi ◽  
Daleep K. Arora ◽  
Andrew W. Moran ◽  
Christopher J. Proudman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Luminal Membrane ◽  
Intestinal Glucose Absorption ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

The heteromeric sweet taste receptor T1R2-T1R3 is expressed on the luminal membrane of certain populations of enteroendocrine cells. Sensing of sugars and other sweet compounds by this receptor activates a pathway in enteroendocrine cells, resulting in secretion of a number of gut hormones, including glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). This subsequently leads to upregulation in the expression of intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter, SGLT1, and increased intestinal glucose absorption. On the basis of the current information available on the horse genome sequence, it has been proposed that the gene for T1R2 ( Tas1R2) is absent in the horse. We show here, however, that horses express both the mRNA and protein for T1R2. Equine T1R2 is most closely homologous to that in the pig and the cow. T1R2 protein, along with T1R3, α-gustducin, and GLP-2 proteins are coexpressed in equine intestinal endocrine cells. Intravenous administration of GLP-2, in rats and pigs, leads to an increase in the expression of SGLT1 in absorptive enterocytes and enhancement in blood glucose concentrations. GLP-2 receptor is expressed in enteric neurons, excluding the direct effect of GLP-2 on enterocytes. However, electric stimulation of enteric neurons generates a neural response leading to SGLT1 upregulation, suggesting that sugar in the intestine activates a reflex increase in the functional expression of SGLT1. Horses possess the ability to upregulate SGLT1 expression in response to increased dietary carbohydrates, and to enhance the capacity of the gut to absorb glucose. The gut sweet receptor provides an accessible target for manipulating the equine gut to absorb glucose (and water), allowing greater energy uptake and hydration for hard-working horses.

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