scholarly journals Re-Evaluation of Total CO2 Concentration in Apparently Healthy Younger Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Kraut ◽  
Vivian Lew ◽  
Nicolaos E. Madias
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Reference Limits ◽  
Base Balance

The initial assessment of acid-base status is usually based on the measurement of total CO2 concentration ([TCO2]) in venous blood, a surrogate for [HCO3–]. Previously, we posited that the reference limits of serum [TCO2] in current use are too wide. Based on studies on the acid-base composition of normal subjects, we suggested that the reference limits of serum [TCO2] at sea level be set at 23–30 mEq/L. To validate this proposal, we queried the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA’s) Integrated Clinical and Research Data Repository, a database containing information on 4.5 million patients seen at UCLA from 2006 to the present. Criteria for inclusion included adults (18–40 years of age), who were free of disorders that could affect acid-base balance, were not taking medications that could affect acid-base balance, and were seen for a routine medical examination or immunization in the outpatient setting. The number of individuals who met the inclusion criteria (52% female and 48% male) was 28,480, with a mean age of 28.9 ± 5.1 years. The mean serum [TCO2] level was slightly higher in males than females, 26.6 ± 2.16 mEq/L vs. 25.0 ± 2.11 mEq/L (p < 0.05). Ninety-one percent of patient values were within the proposed 23–30 mEq/L range and 61.7% were within the 24–27 mEq/L range. These findings validate our proposal that the reference range of serum [TCO2] in venous blood at sea level be narrowed to 23–30 mEq/L. Subjects with serum [TCO2] outside this range might require assessment with a venous blood gas to exclude the presence of clinically important acid-base disorders.

scholarly journals Clinical assessment of acid-base balance in Netherland Dwarf rabbit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Chapel ◽  
J. L. Benedito ◽  
J. Hernández ◽  
P. Famigli-Bergamini ◽  
C. Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Biochemical Profiles ◽  
Made In

Abstract Pet rabbits have increased their popularity in a lot of countries. However, most of the laboratory profiles in rabbit medicine come from the observations made in rabbit as biomodels or meat production. So that further researches are necessary to obtain reference values for hematology and biochemical profiles in pet rabbits and the different breeds, especially, in relation to acid-base balance. The aim of this report was to offer the mean values of the main parameters connected with acid-base profile in Netherland Dwarf breed. Thirty-five healthy rabbits (15 males and 20 females) were studied. Venous blood sample from lateral saphenous vein was analyzed to measure: haematocrit, haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, blood pH, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), total CO2, ions bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, potassium, base excess and anion Gap. Results showed a shorter range that those reported by different researchers. Moreover, differences between genders were showed in pCO2, its values were higher in males. It may be associated with a greater cellular metabolism. Values obtained in this research should be taken into account by veterinary clinicians for this breed in their clinical assessments. Besides, these values provide new results in parameters with few reference values.

scholarly journals Effects of a new intravenous electrolyte solution for veterinary therapy on the electrolyte and acid-base balances of healthy horses

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1479-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Fajardo Valente Pereira ◽  
José Antonio Bessegatto ◽  
Gabriela de Castro Bregadioli ◽  
Stéfany Lia Oliveira Camilo ◽  
Nathali Adrielli Agassi de Sales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Fluid Therapy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Clinical Changes

ABSTRACT: The effects of a new intravenous electrolyte solution for veterinary therapy on electrolyte and acid-base balances of horses were evaluated, assessing the potential of the use of this solution as a rational alternative in fluid therapy. Eight healthy adult horses, including 4 males and 4 females, received two treatments in a cross-over design: isotonic saline solution (IS) and a test solution (TS) containing 145mEq of Na+, 5mEq of K+, 4mEq of Ca++, 2mEq of Mg++, 96mEq of Cl-, 60mEq of lactate, 50g of dextrose, and 4mg of cyanocobalamin per liter. Solutions were IV infused in a volume corresponding to 5% of BW, over 3 hours. Venous blood samples were taken 5 times before and after the infusion (at 0, 3, 6, 9 e 24h), for pHv, pCO2v, HCO3 -v, BEv, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Ca, P, Mg, glucose and L-lactate measurements, and AG and SID calculations. The data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA. The IS caused mild acidifying effect by increasing Cl- and decreasing plasma SID. In contrast, the TS induced mild and transient hypochloremia without changes in acid-base balance. Hyperglycemia was present at the end of the TS infusion and reversed 6 hours later. The horses did not exhibit any clinical changes. We concluded that TS is an option for fluid therapy in horses.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE VENOUS BLOOD ACID-BASE BALANCE AND RELATIONSHIP BLOOD PH VS TUMOR IN LARYNGEAL CANCER PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Kashirin ◽  
O. V. Khorolets ◽  
S. I. Andreev ◽  
A. A. Mikheev
Keyword(s):  
Laryngeal Cancer ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Tumor Ph ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Group 2

Abstract The characteristic for most solid tumors cells is the intracellular alkalinization and acidification of the extracellular milieu and this pH gradient inversion (pHe < pHi) is associated with tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, aggressiveness, and treatment resistance. However is there tumor pH (pHi and/or pHe) changes affect on venous blood plasma pH? Purpose of the study. The venous blood acid-base balance before and after the combined treatment, correlation of the venous blood pH indicators (pHb), relationship neoplasm and blood pH in patients with laryngeal cancer was study. Material and methods. Studies were performed in patients with laryngeal cancer categories T2–3 N0 M0 before and after the combined treatment. The patients were divided into four groups: Group 1 – 25 patients before the start of treatment; Group 2 – 21 patients (from Group 1) after completion of the combined treatment; Group 3 – 14 patients from Group 2 with positive results of treatment and Group 4 – 7 patients from Group 2 with a negative result of treatment (recurrence and/or metastasis of the neoplasm). The control group consisted of 15 practically healthy people (Group C). Examination of venous blood acid-base balance of patients, tumor pH and tumor cells pHi and pHe was carried. Results and discussion. The increase in pCO2 and HCO – concentration will result in decrease in the pH, but if these indicators have a clear correlation in the control group, then in patients groups there was a correlation for pHb & pCO2 and pO2 only. Besides, we marked increase in pCO2, HCO –, K+, while pO decreased in pHb after the combined treatment. It is necessary to point out the differences between some benchmarks and indicators of acid-base balance in the plasma of venous blood in primary patients and patients with recurrent laryngeal cancer. So, if pHb, pO2, and Cl– patients have statistically significant differences from control data, then differences with control pCO2 values are characteristic only for patients of Groups 1 and 3. On the contrary, differences in the HCO – indices are characteristic only for patients of Group 4. There are statistically significant differences from the control indicators K+, Na+, Ca2+, Glu, Lac, mOsm in patients of the first group and Cl– and Lac of patients in the third group. Among the indicators in the third and fourth groups of patients, statistically significant differences were noted in the values of pHb, HCO – and Glu.In patients of groups 1 and 4, the determination of pHt and the calculation of pHi, pHe revealed decrease in pHt and pHe with increasing pHi in patients with recurrence of the neoplasm.The final stage of the study was to determine the relationship (and not correlation) of blood pH and laryngeal tumors and the relationship was noted in the «pHb-tumor» system in primary patients, but in patients in 3 and 4 Groups, that «pHb-tumor» connection is rather contradictory. Conclusion. Acid-base balance indicators obviously cannot be considered as unconditional markers of carcinogenesis, but their monitoring and, in particular, venous blood pH, of patients after special treatment, can help determine the risk group of patients who may develop of a malignant neoplasm recurrence. Keywords: acid-base balance, laryngeal cancer, se, prognosis.

scholarly journals Comparing the Effects of Pre-loading with Gelatine 4% Plasma Volume Expander and 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch Solution Before Spinal Anaesthesia for Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Nur Dyana Md Nizar ◽  
Shamsul Kamalrujan Hassan ◽  
Rhendra Hardy Mohamad Zaini ◽  
Mohamad Hasyizan Hassan ◽  
Wan Mohd Nazaruddin Wan Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spinal Anaesthesia ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Limb Surgery ◽  
Base Balance

Background: Hypotension is a common complication following spinal anaesthesia. The administration of intravenous fluids prior to spinal anaesthesia, known as pre-loading, has been used to offset the hypotension effect; however, the ideal fluid for pre-loading is still a matter of debate. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of Gelaspan 4% and Volulyte 6% as pre-loading fluids. Methods: A total of 93 patients with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II having lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomised into two groups that received either Volulyte (n = 47) or Gelaspan (n = 46). Before the spinal anaesthesia, these patients were pre-loaded with 500 mL of the fluid of their respective group. Blood samples were taken before pre-loading and again after spinal anaesthesia and sent for venous blood gas and electrolyte level measurement. Baseline and intraoperative records of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and the requirement of ephedrine to treat hypotension were also recorded. Results: Both fluids could not prevent significant reductions in SBP (P = 0.011), DBP (P = 0.002) and MAP (P = 0.001). There was also significant reduction in HR over time (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in terms of ephedrine usage between both groups. Neither Volulyte 6% nor Gelaspan 4% caused significant changes in acid-base status. Conclusion: The use of 500 mL of either Gelaspan 4% or Volulyte 6% as pre-loading fluids did not significantly prevent the incidence of post-spinal anaesthesia hypotension following orthopaedic lower limb surgery; however, both were useful in the maintenance normal acid-base balance.

scholarly journals The Alkaline Diet and the Warburg Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-39
Author(s):  
Hassan Bahrami ◽  
Ted Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Warburg Effect ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Effect Theory ◽  
Base Balance

The changing diets accompanying our modern life style have increased the content of foods that form acidic metabolic waste residues in the body. Wastes from these metabolic processes are released into the interstitial fluids and the blood, slightly changing their pH temporarily. This link may in turn have an impact on the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). According to Warburg effect theory, an acidic cellular and circulatory environment may cause various specific health problems such as hypoxia and cancer, whereas an oxygen-rich optimum-alkaline environment could retain healthy cells. However, the mechanisms by which the diet may be influential on blood pH-related parameters and on health have remained largely unknown. This paper begins with a detailed presentation of the concepts, issues and the existing evidence regarding alkaline and acid forming diets, and summarizes the three main mechanisms by which the diet influences the acid-base balance in the body. It then presents the findings of a small exploratory study in which one author (HB) followed diets traditionally thought to produce alkaline or acidic residues. After each diet period of one month (with a two-month wash out period), pH, oxygen saturation, and carbon dioxide partial pressure were measured for arterial and for venous blood.   The resulting data indicated that the diets followed changed blood pH-related parameters in the expected directions according to the acid-base theory of health. Increased intake of acid-forming foods resulted in a slightly lower pH level, but a significant reduction of oxygen saturation in the blood, whereas increased consumption of alkaline forming foods maintained the high oxygen saturation in the blood that, according to Warburg effect theory, may, if maintained, reduce the incidence of NCDs. Further cross-over research of this kind is needed, utilizing large samples and testing various dietary modifications.

Acid-base balance at high altitude in lowlanders and indigenous highlanders

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Tymko ◽  
Christopher K. Willie ◽  
Connor A. Howe ◽  
Ryan L. Hoiland ◽  
Rachel Stone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Base Balance

High-altitude exposure results in a hyperventilatory-induced respiratory alkalosis followed by renal compensation (bicarbonaturia) to return arterial blood pH(a) toward sea-level values. However, acid-base balance has not been comprehensively examined in both lowlanders and indigenous populations - where the latter are thought to be fully adapted to high-altitude. The purpose of this investigation was to compare acid-base balance between acclimatizing lowlanders, and Andean and Sherpa highlanders at various altitudes (~3,800, ~4,300, and ~5,000 m). We compiled data collected across five independent high-altitude expeditions and report the following novel findings: 1) at 3,800 m, Andeans (n=7) had elevated pHa compared to Sherpas (n=12; P<0.01), but not to lowlanders (n=16; nine days acclimatized; P=0.09); 2) at 4,300 m, lowlanders (n=16; 21 days acclimatized) had elevated pHa compared to Andeans (n=32) and Sherpas (n=11; both P<0.01), and Andeans had elevated pHa compared to Sherpas (P=0.01); and 3) at 5,000 m, lowlanders (n=16; 14 days acclimatized) had higher pHa compared to both Andeans (n=66) and Sherpas (n=18; P<0.01, and P=0.03, respectively), and Andean and Sherpa highlanders had similar blood pHa (P=0.65). These novel data characterize acid-base balance acclimatization and adaptation to various altitudes in lowlanders and indigenous highlanders.

scholarly journals Physical exercise on serum electrolytes and acid base balance in Mangalarga Marchador horses submitted to cavalcade of 4, 8 and 20km

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Martins Linhares ◽  
Paula Alessandra Di Filippo ◽  
Paulo Moreira Bogossian ◽  
Rafael Vianna Barbosa de Almeida Guerra ◽  
Sebastian Ricardo Bustamante Bustamante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Electrolyte Disorders ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Base Balance

ABSTRACT: Acid-base and electrolyte disorders have been described in horses associated during and after exercise. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cavalcade competition on the acid-base and hydroelectrolytic balance in Mangalarga Marchador horses. For this purpose, 15 geldings, 6.2 ± 1.2 years old and clinically healthy, were distributed into three groups of five animals each. Horses were trained to take part in cavalcade competitions. Animals were submitted to cavalcade along 4km (G4), 8km (G8), and 20km (G20) at mean speeds of 15km h-1, 12km h-1, and 12km h-1, respectively. From each horse, venous blood samples were collected before exercise (T0) and immediately after (T1) cavalcade. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), base excess (BE), hematocrit (Hct), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and lactate were determined. The variables pH, pO2 and pCO2 were corrected in function of rectal temperature of each animal. Blood samples were analyzed for acid-base balance, as well as biochemical and electrolyte parameters using an i-STAT analyzer. Significant (P<0.05) increase in Hct, Na+, pH, HCO3 - and BE were observed after cavalcade in G20 group. Decrease (P<0.05) in K+ and Cl- were also observed in G20 animals after cavalcade (T1). Changes in the acid-base balance and hydroelectrolytic profile of the Mangalarga Marchador after cavalcade of 20km resulted in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. The 20km cavalcade induced significant hydroelectrolytic and acid-base imbalances in Mangalarga Marchador horses.

Changes in acid-base balance and blood gases during muscular activity and recovery

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. De Lanne ◽  
J. R. Barnes ◽  
L. Brouha ◽  
F. Massart
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Males And Females

Changes in the blood gases and acid-base balance during muscular work and recovery were investigated for males and females under various controlled environmental conditions. Changes in venous blood oxygen and carbon dioxide are influenced both by the intensity and duration of the exercise and by the environmental temperature. The pH of the blood is similarly affected. The direct measurement of pH was found to be a better index of the variation in the acid-base balance than the pH calculated from Henderson's equation at a fixed CO2 pressure. Lactic acid in the blood is, like the blood gases, influenced by ambient conditions, but is more closely related to the intensity than to the duration of the exercise. Submitted on October 28, 1958

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document