scholarly journals Neuroanatomical Distribution of the Serotonergic System in the Brain and Retina of Holostean Fishes, The Sister Group to Teleosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Daniel Lozano ◽  
Agustín González ◽  
Jesús M. López
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Serotonergic System ◽  
Paraventricular Organ ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
The Brain

Among actinopterygian fishes, holosteans are the phylogenetically closest group to teleosts but they have been much less studied, particularly regarding the neurochemical features of their central nervous system. The serotonergic system is one of the most important and conserved systems of neurotransmission in all vertebrates. By means of immunohistochemistry against serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), we have conducted a comprehensive and complete description of this system in the brain and retina of representative species of the 3 genera of holostean fishes, belonging to the only 2 extant orders, Amiiformes and Lepisosteiformes. Serotonin-immunoreactive cell groups were detected in the preoptic area, the hypothalamic paraventricular organ, the epiphysis, the pretectal region, the long and continuous column of the raphe, the spinal cord, and the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Specifically, the serotonergic cell groups in the preoptic area, the epiphysis, the pretectum, and the retina had never been identified in previous studies in this group of fishes. Widespread serotonergic innervation was observed in all main brain regions, but more abundantly in the subpallium, the hypothalamus, the habenula, the optic tectum, the so-called cerebellar nucleus, and the area postrema. The comparative analysis of these results with those in other groups of vertebrates reveals some extremely conserved features, such as the presence of serotonergic cells in the retina, the pineal organ, and the raphe column, while other characteristics, like the serotonergic populations in the preoptic area, the paraventricular organ, the pretectum, and the spinal cord are generally present in all fish groups, but have been lost in most amniotes.

Comparative Analysis of the Organization of the Catecholaminergic Systems in the Brain of Holostean Fishes (Actinopterygii/Neopterygii)

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-235
Author(s):  
Daniel Lozano ◽  
Ruth Morona ◽  
Agustín González ◽  
Jesús M. López
Keyword(s):  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
Amia Calva ◽  
Lepisosteus Oculatus ◽  
Atractosteus Spatula ◽  
The Brain

Living holosteans, comprising 8 species of bowfins and gars, form a small monophyletic group of actinopterygian fishes, which are currently considered as the sister group to the enormously numerous teleosts and have largely been neglected in neuroanatomical studies. We have studied the catecholaminergic (CAergic) systems by means of antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine (DA) in the brain of representative species of the 3 genera included in the 2 orders of holostean fishes: Amia calva (Amiiformes) and Lepisosteus platyrhincus, Lepisosteus oculatus, and Atractosteus spatula (Lepisosteiformes). Different groups of TH/DA-immunoreactive (ir) cells were observed in the olfactory bulb, subpallium, and preoptic area of the telencephalon. Hypothalamic groups were labeled in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, tuberal (only in A. calva), retrotuberal, and retromamillary areas; specifically, the paraventricular organ showed only DA immunoreactivity. In the diencephalon, TH/DA-ir groups were detected in the prethalamus, posterior tubercle, and pretectum. In the caudal hindbrain, the solitary tract nucleus and area postrema presented TH/DA-ir cell groups, and also the spinal cord and the retina. Only in A. calva, particular CAergic cell groups were observed in the habenula, the mesencephalic tegmentum, and in the locus coeruleus. Following a neuromeric analysis, the comparison of these results with those obtained in other classes of fishes and tetrapods shows many common traits of CAergic systems shared by most vertebrates and in addition highlights unique features of actinopterygian fishes.

scholarly journals Organization of the Orexin/Hypocretin System in the Brain of Holostean Fishes: Assessment of Possible Relationships with Monoamines and Neuropeptide Y

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lozano ◽  
Agustín González ◽  
Jesús M. López
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Spotted Gar ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Amia Calva ◽  
Lepisosteus Oculatus ◽  
The Brain

Holosteans form a small group of actinopterygian fishes considered the sister group of teleosts. Despite this proximity to the biggest group of vertebrates, relatively few studies have been conducted to investigate the organization of the central nervous system of this group of fishes. In this study, the neuroanatomical distribution of orexin/hypocretin-like immunoreactive (OX-ir) cell bodies and fibers was analyzed in the brain of 3 representative species of the 2 orders of extant holosteans, the spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus, the Florida gar Lepisosteus platyrhincus, and the bowfin Amia calva. Antibodies against orexin-A (OXA) and orexin-B (OXB) were used, which labeled the same cells and fibers throughout the brain. In addition, double immunohistofluorescence was performed for the simultaneous detection of OXA and OXB with tyrosine hydroxylase, serotonin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), in an attempt to localize the orexinergic structures precisely and study the possible interactions between these neuroactive substances. The pattern of distribution of OX-ir cells in the 3 species was largely similar, showing labeled cells in the preoptic area (POA), and the tuberal and retrotuberal hypothalamic regions, with only subtle differences between species in the density of labeled cells. OX-ir fibers were found in all main brain subdivisions of the 3 species, mostly in the ventral subpallial areas, POA, hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, thalamus, and mesencephalic tectum. Different densities of orexinergic fibers were observed in relation to catecholaminergic and serotoninergic cell groups, as well as an absence of colocalization between orexins and NPY in the same hypothalamic neurons. The comparison of these results with those obtained in other vertebrates highlights a constant pattern of distribution of this system of neurotransmission among different groups of actinopterygian fishes, especially in teleosts. Conserved features shared by all vertebrates studied were also observed, such as the presence of OX-ir cells in the basal hypothalamus, reflecting the preserved functions of these neuropeptides over the course of evolution.

Symptoms, Related Brain Regions, and Diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Ahlskog
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

As a prelude to the treatment chapters that follow, we need to define and describe the types of problems and symptoms encountered in DLB and PDD. The clinical picture can be quite varied: problems encountered by one person may be quite different from those encountered by another person, and symptoms that are problematic in one individual may be minimal in another. In these disorders, the Lewy neurodegenerative process potentially affects certain nervous system regions but spares others. Affected areas include thinking and memory circuits, as well as movement (motor) function and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates primary functions such as bladder, bowel, and blood pressure control. Many other brain regions, by contrast, are spared or minimally involved, such as vision and sensation. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system. The interface between the brain and spinal cord is by way of the brain stem, as shown in Figure 4.1. Thought, memory, and reasoning are primarily organized in the thick layers of cortex overlying lower brain levels. Volitional movements, such as writing, throwing, or kicking, also emanate from the cortex and integrate with circuits just below, including those in the basal ganglia, shown in Figure 4.2. The basal ganglia includes the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra, as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Movement information is integrated and modulated in these basal ganglia nuclei and then transmitted down the brain stem to the spinal cord. At spinal cord levels the correct sequence of muscle activation that has been programmed is accomplished. Activated nerves from appropriate regions of the spinal cord relay the signals to the proper muscles. Sensory information from the periphery (limbs) travels in the opposite direction. How are these signals transmitted? Brain cells called neurons have long, wire-like extensions that interface with other neurons, effectively making up circuits that are slightly similar to computer circuits; this is illustrated in Figure 4.3. At the end of these wire-like extensions are tiny enlargements (terminals) that contain specific biological chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released when the electrical signal travels down that neuron to the end of that wire-like process.

scholarly journals Temporospatial Development of Neuropathologic Findings in a Canine Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB

2020 ◽  
pp. 030098582096012
Author(s):  
Tyler A. Harm ◽  
Shannon J. Hostetter ◽  
Ariel S. Nenninger ◽  
Bethann N. Valentine ◽  
N. Matthew Ellinwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Activity

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB is a neuropathic lysosomal storage disease characterized by the deficient activity of a lysosomal enzyme obligate for the degradation of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparan sulfate (HS). The pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in MPS IIIB is incompletely understood. Large animal models are attractive for pathogenesis and therapeutic studies due to their larger size, outbred genetics, longer lifespan, and naturally occurring MPS IIIB disease. However, the temporospatial development of neuropathologic changes has not been reported for canine MPS IIIB. Here we describe lesions in 8 brain regions, cervical spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in a canine model of MPS IIIB that includes dogs aged from 2 to 26 months of age. Pathological changes in the brain included early microscopic vacuolation of glial cells initially observed at 2 months, and vacuolation of neurons initially observed at 10 months. Inclusions within affected cells variably stained positively with PAS and LFB stains. Quantitative immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased glial expression of GFAP and Iba1 in dogs with MPS IIIB compared to age-matched controls at all time points, suggesting neuroinflammation occurs early in disease. Loss of Purkinje cells was initially observed at 10 months and was pronounced in 18- and 26-month-old dogs with MPS IIIB. Our results support the dog as a replicative model of MPS IIIB neurologic lesions and detail the pathologic and neuroinflammatory changes in the spinal cord and DRG of MPS IIIB-affected dogs.

Lipopolysaccharide effects on neuronal activity in rat basal forebrain and hypothalamus during sleep and waking

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. R620-R627
Author(s):  
Xinzheng Xi ◽  
Linda A. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with alterations in sleep and the electroencephalogram. To evaluate potential neuronal mechanisms for the somnogenic effects of LPS administration, we used unanesthetized rats to survey the firing patterns of neurons in various regions of rat basal forebrain (BF) and hypothalamus during spontaneous sleep and waking and during the epochs of sleep and waking that occurred after the intraperitoneal administration of LPS. In the brain regions studied, LPS administration was associated with altered firing rates in 39% of the neurons examined. A larger proportion of LPS-responsive units showed vigilance-related alterations in firing rates compared with nonresponsive units. Approximately equal proportions of LPS-responsive neurons showed increased and decreased firing rates after LPS administration, with some units in the lateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus showing particularly robust increases. These findings are consistent with other studies showing vigilance-related changes in neuronal activity in various regions of BF and hypothalamus and further demonstrate that peripheral LPS administration alters neuronal firing rates in these structures during both sleep and waking.

Levels of specifically bound [3H]ketanserin compared with levels of serotonin (5HT) in the brain regions of juvenile and sexually recrudescing female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smriti M Agrawal ◽  
Robert J Omeljaniuk
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Electrochemical Detection ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Olfactory Lobe ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
The Brain

This study compared the distribution of specifically bound [3H]ketanserin (Bsp) with serotonin (5HT) in brain regions of juvenile and sexually recrudescing female trout. Amounts of Bsp varied widely among brain regions and consistently differed between juvenile and sexually recrudescing females. Levels of Bsp were significantly greater in the hypothalamus than the olfactory lobe, which were at least threefold greater than in all other tissues examined (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05). Bsp densities in the hypothalamus, preoptic area, and optic lobe were significantly greater in juveniles compared with corresponding tissues from sexually recrudescing females (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05); in contrast, Bsp in olfactory lobe and spinal cord did not differ significantly between the two classes of fish. 5HT concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography - electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) analysis. Biogenic amine standards eluted in a stereotypic pattern, with peaks consistently separable in time. 5HT concentration was significantly greater in hypothalamus than in olfactory lobe and undetectable in the pituitary (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05). Trends in distribution of Bsp and 5HT were comparable in the hypothalamus and preoptic area in juvenile and sexually recrudescing females. In general, density of specific [3H]ketanserin binding sites was directly related to 5HT content of brain regions in juvenile and sexually recrudescing females. 5HT concentrations (pmol/g tissue) were approximately 900-fold greater than Bsp (fmol/g tissue) in all brain regions, and approximately 300-fold greater than Bsp in the olfactory lobe. These results suggest important regulatory role(s) for 5HT in the trout preoptic-hypothalamo-hypophysial axis, which may differ from 5HT role(s) in trout olfactory lobe.Key words: high performance liquid chromatography - electrochemical detection, [3H]ketanserin, sexually recrudescing female trout.

scholarly journals Pattern of Nitrergic Neuronal System Organization in the Brain of Two Holostean Fishes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi)

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús M. López ◽  
Daniel Lozano ◽  
Lorena Morales ◽  
Agustín González
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Torus Semicircularis ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
Segmental Analysis ◽  
Spotted Gar ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
The Brain

The study of the nitrergic system, formed by the networks of neurons containing the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been extremely useful in unraveling neuroanatomical features of the organization of the central nervous system of vertebrates. Thus, data are available for representatives of most vertebrate classes and, in particular, several studies have detailed the organization of this system in teleosts. In contrast, no information is available regarding this neurotransmission system in the brains of holosteans, an early diverged and poorly understood group of actinopterygian fishes, currently considered a sister group of teleosts that contains only 8 species. The present study provides the first detailed information on the distribution of nitrergic cell bodies and fibers in 2 holostean species of the genus Lepisosteus, the spotted gar L. oculatus and the Florida gar L. platyrhincus. NOS immunohistochemistry and the NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical reaction were used, and both techniques yielded identical results, with the exception of the primary olfactory and terminal nerve fibers, which only labeled for NADPH-d exclusively in L. oculatus. Double immunohistochemistry was conducted for the simultaneous detection of NOS with tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, calbindin, calretinin, and serotonin to accurately establish the localization of the nitrergic neurons and fibers in the brain of holosteans, the neuroanatomy of which has been mostly neglected, and to assess possible interactions between these neuroactive substances. Distinct groups of nitrergic cells were located in subpallial areas, the basal hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, optic tectum and mesencephalic tegmentum, reticular formation, solitary tract nucleus, spinal cord, and amacrine cells in the retina. In addition, low numbers of nitrergic cells were observed in the pallium, suprachiasmatic nucleus, prethalamic and thalamic areas, torus lateralis and torus semicircularis, cerebellar and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, and the ventral octavolateral area. Comparison of these results with those from other classes of vertebrates, and including a segmental analysis to correlate cell populations, reveals that the pattern of the nitrergic system in holosteans is very close to that in ancestral actinopterygian fishes and highlights conserved and derived traits.

Functional Localization in the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.∗

1936 ◽  
Vol 82 (337) ◽  
pp. 99-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Le Gros Clark
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Functional Localization ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Considerable Detail ◽  
Thalamic Region ◽  
The Brain

The sensory material which provides the essential data for conscious activity is conveyed to the higher functional levels of the brain by impulses which stream up the olfactory tracts, the optic tracts, and the tracts of the brain-stem and spinal cord. With the exception only of the olfactory impulses, all these sensory impulses are filtered through the thalamic region of the brain, or diencephalon, before they can be relayed to the cerebral cortex which forms the anatomical substratum of the more elaborate mental processes. It is an interesting fact that, while the functional localization in the cerebral cortex and the functional localization in regard to the numerous fibre tracts in the brain-stem and spinal cord have been established in quite considerable detail by anatomical, physiological and clinical studies extending over many years, the localization and the connections of the various relay mechanisms in the diencephalon still remain obscure. Since the nature of the sensory material which is delivered to the cerebral cortex depends ultimately on the influences and modifications which may be imposed on the afferent impulses during their passage through the diencephalon, it becomes a matter of extreme importance, from the point of view of the study of the physiology of sensation and of psychological interpretation of sensory experience, that attention should be concentrated on this diencephalic mechanism. The minute anatomy of the diencephalon has recently been worked out in great detail, and it is now the task of the anatomist, physiologist and clinician to discover the functional significance of the numerous cell groups and fibre tracts which have been defined.

scholarly journals MRI differences between MOG antibody disease and AQP4 NMOSD

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 1854-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Salama ◽  
Majid Khan ◽  
Amirali Shanechi ◽  
Michael Levy ◽  
Izlem Izbudak
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Mri Features ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Aqp4 Antibody

Background: MOG antibody and AQP4 antibody seropositive diseases are immunologically distinct subtypes of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) with similar clinical presentations. MRI findings can be instrumental in distinguishing MOG antibody disease from AQP4 antibody NMOSD. Objectives: The aim of this study is to characterize the neuroradiological differences between MOG antibody disease and AQP4 antibody NMOSD with the aim to distinguish between the two entities. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 26 MOG and 25 AQP4 seropositive patients in which MRI features of the brain, spinal cord, and orbit were compared. Results: The majority of the abnormal findings in the MOG cohort were located on orbital MRIs, while spinal cord magnetic resonance (MR) abnormalities were more common in the AQP4 cohort. Brain abnormalities showed some overlap, but cortical gray/juxtacortical white matter involvement was distinct to MOG patients, while area postrema involvement was a rare feature. Conclusion: Cortical gray/juxtacortical white matter lesions on brain MRI might help distinguish MOG antibody disease from AQP4-positive NMOSD. These findings could be of value in distinguishing the two entities as early as the first presentation.

scholarly journals Phox2a defines a developmental origin of the anterolateral system in mice and humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brian Roome ◽  
Farin B. Bourojeni ◽  
Bishakha Mona ◽  
Shima Rastegar-Pouyani ◽  
Raphael Blain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Spinal Neurons ◽  
Molecular Identity ◽  
Nervous System Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Specific Contribution

SummaryAnterolateral system neurons relay pain, itch and temperature information from the spinal cord to pain-related brain regions, but the differentiation of these neurons and their specific contribution to pain perception remain poorly defined. Here, we show that virtually all mouse spinal neurons that embryonically express the autonomic system-associated Paired-like homeobox 2A (Phox2a) transcription factor innervate nociceptive brain targets, including the parabrachial nucleus and the thalamus. We define Phox2a anterolateral system neuron birth order, migration and differentiation, and uncover an essential role for Phox2a in the development of relay of nociceptive signals from the spinal cord to the brain. Finally, we also demonstrate that the molecular identity of Phox2a neurons is conserved in the human foetal spinal cord. The developmental expression of Phox2a as a uniting feature of anterolateral system neurons suggests a link between nociception and autonomic nervous system function.

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