scholarly journals Drinking Water and CKD of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka: A Community Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
M.W. Amarasiri de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
North Central ◽  
North Central Province ◽  
Massive Change ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

People’s belief that polluted drinking water is the principal medium through which environmental toxins are absorbed into the bodies of CKD of unknown etiology (CKDu) patients in the CKDu-endemic areas in Sri Lanka has been the subject of extensive epidemiological and medical research. This study examines (a) the people’s perception and experience that polluted drinking water is the cause of CKDu, (b) how the government responded to people’s demands for potable water, and (c) the impact of the use of alternative drinking water sources on the health of CKDu patients and their families, and on the progression of the disease in CKDu patients. Data were collected in 2013 and 2019 in Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa districts in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. People’s agitation, activism, and lobbying, together with the media’s work in bringing the issue of polluted water to the forefront of political discourse, have prompted the government, private sector agencies, and community organizations to supply clean water to affected communities. A massive change in drinking water behaviors has occurred following the government’s decision to supply reverse osmosis (RO) water to the affected communities. Informants perceived the provision of RO water as having brought about many positive outcomes in the health and disease progression of CKDu patients.

Kidney Disease, Health, and Commodification of Drinking Water: An Anthropological Inquiry into the Introduction of Reverse Osmosis Water in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
M.W. Amarasiri de Silva ◽  
Steven M. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Central Province ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
North Central Province

In response to evidence suggesting that polluted drinking water is a risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, the government introduced reverse osmosis (RO) water as an alternative form of drinking water in the North Central Province (NCP) between 2010 and 2016. We examine whether CKDu prevalence and disease progression have been reduced as a result of the introduction of RO water and behavioral changes and how villagers perceive the changes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Performance of Existing RO Drinking Water Stations in the North Central Province, Sri Lanka

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Suresh Indika ◽  
Yuansong Wei ◽  
Dazhou Hu ◽  
Jegetheeswaran Ketharani ◽  
Tharindu Ritigala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Central Province ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
North Central Province ◽  
And Performance

Reverse osmosis (RO) drinking water stations have been introduced to provide safe drinking water for areas with prevailing chronic kidney disease with unknown (CKDu) etiology in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. In this investigation, RO drinking water stations established by community-based organizations (CBO) in the North Central Province (NCP) were examined. Water samples were collected from source, permeate, and concentrate in each station to determine water quality and performance. Furthermore, the operators of the systems were interviewed to evaluate operational and maintenance practices to identify major issues related to the RO systems. Results show that the majority (>93%) of RO systems had higher salt rejection rates (>92%), while water recovery varied from 19.4% to 64%. The removal efficiencies of hardness and alkalinity were averaged at 95.8% and 86.6%, respectively. Most dominant ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Ba2+, Sr2+ Cl−, F−, and SO42− showed higher rejections at averaged values of 93.5%, 97.4%, 86.6%, 90.8%, 95.4%, 96.3%, 95.7%, 96.6%, and 99.0%, respectively. Low recovery rates, lower fluoride levels in product water, and membrane fouling were the main challenges. Lack of knowledge and training were the major issues that could shorten the lifespan of RO systems.

Changes In Immunological Response In Wistar Rats That Ingested Water From High And Low Disease Prevalent Areas From The North Central Province (NCP) And Low Disease Prevalent Colombo, Sri Lanka And Their Co-Relations To Histopathological Changes.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayuri Geethanjalie Thammitiyagodage ◽  
Rajiva de Silva ◽  
Bandula Prasanna Galhena ◽  
Champika Rathnayake ◽  
Ramani Karunakaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Central Province ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
North Central ◽  
Serum Cytokines ◽  
North Central Province ◽  
Boiled Water

Abstract BackgroundChronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is prevalent in North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka and ingestion of ground water is identified as one of the causative factors. Majority of the population in the NCP consume un-boiled dug well water. Objective of this study was to find out the haematological and immunological variations in Wistar rats that ingested water from high and low disease prevalent areas from the NCP and low disease prevalent Colombo and correlated the findings with histopathological changes.Method Wistar rats (60) were recruited to the study and their baseline WBC, DC, CD4+, CD8+, serum cytokines, creatinine, ALT, AST and BUN levels were measured. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups by assigning 10 rats into each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were given water from high disease prevalent New Town Medirigiriya (NTM), Bisobandaragama (BB) and Divuldamana (DD) and group 4 was given boiled water from NTM (NTMB). Group 5 and 6 were given water from low diseases prevalent Huruluwewa (HW) from NCP and low disease prevalent Colombo (CO). Serum cytokines (IL1ß, IL6, TNFα) were measured after 8 months and other parameters and tissue cytokines were measured after 14 months. Histopathology was performed in kidney and liver tissues.Results Serum TNFα levels were significantly elevated in rats from DD and BB but tissue TNFα levels were significantly elevated only in rats from DD. Rats from high diseases prevalent areas had significantly high CD4+ and CD8+ cell than those from low disease prevalent HW and CO. Immunological findings were correlated with the changes observed in the histopathology. There was a co-relation between the kidney Tubular Interstitial Lesion index and liver lesions.Conclusion TNFα and CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte had an impact on kidney damage. Rats with severe TI lesions reported high percentage of portal tracts and parenchymal lesions in the liver and this expression was minimum in CO. Boiled water can reduce the liver damage but not been able to significantly reduce the kidney damage. Immune therapy targeting the CD4+, CD8+ and TNFα may reduce the disease burden in the early stage.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of the Government and NGOs in Delivering Quality Services for the Rural People of Pakistan: Community Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 203-225
Author(s):  
Mohsin Khan ◽  
Jetnor Kasmi ◽  
Abdul Saboor ◽  
Iftikhar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Often the government and the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are criticised for their poor performances in delivering services particularly in rural areas. However, there has been limited research on the assessment of their relative performances in service delivery as well as on the perceptions of people on the quality of such service delivery. This study examines the relative performances of NGOs and the governmental development interventions that provide basic services including public health, education, drinking water and sanitation. The study explains the impact of agricultural extension services and infrastructure such as access to roads and markets on the rural people and measures the satisfaction level of the rural community. For this purpose, 225 households (HHs) in 8 villages of Phalia Tehsil, district Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan were first surveyed in 2010 and then in 2014 using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal different satisfaction levels of HHs, with most of them expressing less satisfaction on government service delivery compared with NGOs. They reveal satisfaction over the performance of NGOs in health, drinking water supplies and agriculture extension services. Further, the study shows an increasing satisfaction of people on access to road, transport, agri-market and price of agri-commodities by the government.

Significance of Mg-hardness and fluoride in drinking water on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Monaragala, Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
pp. 111779
Author(s):  
D.N.D. Liyanage ◽  
Saranga Diyabalanage ◽  
S.P. Dunuweera ◽  
Sanath Rajapakse ◽  
R.M.G. Rajapakse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology

scholarly journals Water Quality Assessment of West Tarum Canal for Drinking Water Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 277 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Ayu Widya Utami ◽  
Dwi Nowo Martono ◽  
Haruki Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

West Tarum Canal (WTC) is a canal that drains raw water from the Jatiluhur Dam. Nearly 81% of the raw water for drinking water used by Jakarta’s people comes from this canal. However, various land uses such as agriculture, industry, settlements, and infrastructure development impact WTC’s water quality. This research aims to assess WTC’s water quality in 2016-2020 based on water quality standards set by the Government and using the STORET method. The results of this research indicate that the concentrations of TDS (142-351 mg/L), Fe (0.1-0.15 mg/L), Mn (0.03-0.1 mg/L) are meet the standards, while DO (3.6-4.9 mg/L), BOD (4-10 mg/L), COD (13-30 mg/L) are not meet the standards. Almost all monitoring points have pH values between 5.75-7.68 that are meet the standards. The STORET score of WTC is from -26 to -38 with an average of -30, which indicates that WTC’s water quality is moderately polluted. Water contamination in WTC will burden the drinking water processing and ultimately affect the community’s ability to pay for drinking water. This research also shows the need for integrated management of WTC from upstream to downstream and the need to increase collaboration between stakeholders in carrying out this management.

Investigating the possible measure to protect groundwater from polluted streams in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: the Eastern Nile Delta case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Abd-Elaty ◽  
Martina Zelenakova ◽  
Salvatore Straface ◽  
Zuzana Vranayová ◽  
Mohamed Abu-hashim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Deep Aquifer ◽  
Lower Permeability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in the Nile Delta. Unfortunately, it might be polluted by seepage from polluted streams. This study was carried out to investigate the possible measures  to  protect groundwater  in the Nile delta aquifer using a numerical model (MT3DMS - Mass Transport 3-Dimension Multi-Species). The sources of groundwater contamination were identified and the total dissolved solids (TDS) was taken as an indicator for the contamination. Different strategies were investigated for mitigating the impact of polluted water: i) allocating polluted drains and canals in lower permeability layers; ii)  installing cut-off walls in the polluted drains, and finally, iii) using lining materials in polluted drains and canals. Results indicated these measures effective to mitigate the groundwater pollution. In particular, the cut-off wall was effective for contamination reduction in shallow aquifers, whereas it had no effect in the deep aquifer, while lining materials in polluted drains and canals were able to prevent contamination and to protect the freshwater in the aquifers.  It is worth mentioning that this study was partially supported by a bilateral project between ASRT (Egypt) and CNR (Italy).</p><p> </p><p> </p>

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