Effects of Increased Central Cholinergic Activity on the Metabolic Challenge Induced by Submaximal Exercise in Rats: Adrenomedullary Secretion Influences

Pharmacology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Alex Guazzi Rodrigues ◽  
Helton Oliveira Campos ◽  
Lucas Rios Drummond ◽  
Umeko Marubayashi ◽  
Cândido Celso Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Cholinergic Activity ◽  
Running Exercise ◽  
Cholinergic Pathway ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Metabolic Challenge ◽  
Rest And Exercise

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> The aim of this study was to assess the influence of adrenomedullary secretion on the plasma glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids (FFAs) during running exercise in rats submitted to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of physostigmine (PHY). PHY i.c.v. was used to activate the central cholinergic system. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Wistar rats were divided into sham-saline (sham-SAL), sham-PHY, adrenal medullectomy-SAL, and ADM-PHY groups. The plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, and FFAs were determined immediately before and after i.c.v. injection of 20 μL of SAL or PHY at rest and during running exercise on a treadmill. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The i.c.v. injection of PHY at rest increased plasma glucose in the sham group, but not in the ADM group. An increase in plasma glucose, lactate, and FFAs mobilization from adipose tissue was observed during physical exercise in the sham-SAL group; however, the increase in plasma glucose was greater with i.c.v. PHY. Moreover, the hyperglycemia induced by exercise and PHY in the ADM group were blunted by ADM, whereas FFA mobilization was unaffected. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These results indicate that there is a dual metabolic control by which activation of the central cholinergic pathway increases plasma glucose but not FFA during rest and exercise, and that this hyperglycemic response is dependent on adrenomedullary secretion.

scholarly journals Effect of running exercise with and without the use of equipment Kangoo Jumps, in postural control: a case study.

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Franco De Oliveira ◽  
Priscila Daniele De Oliveira ◽  
Stheace Kelly Fernandes Szezerbaty ◽  
Laís Campos De Oliveira ◽  
Juliana Serpeloni De Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Postural Balance ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Running Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control Objective ◽  
Swing Speed

Introduction: There is increasing interest from the general population, the search for the most suitable and safe exercise programs. Some equipment, such as Kangoo Jumps (KJ), allow performing exercises with less impact on the joints, and probably infer on postural control. Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise submaximal exercise running with and without the use of equipment KJ on postural control variables. Method: Participated in the study with an individual 20 years old, male, equivalent to 86kg body weight. The test was to evaluate the postural balance using a force platform with bipedal before and after conventional and adapted from Cooper (using the KJ) test support. The equilibrium parameters were recorded: (A- COP in cm2) of displacement of the center of pressure; average swing speed of the COP (MVeloc in cm/s) in the anteroposterior planes (A/P) and medial-lateral (M/L). Results: The results showed that after using the equipment KJ, A-COP (-39.70%) MVeloc the A/P (-20.66%) and M/L (-20.48%) were best compared with the race without using KJ test. Conclusion: It is concluded that after running exercise on submaximal exercise with the use of equipment KJ had become favorable outcome for postural balance. One such reason would be because of its system of absorption and dissipation of impact, which allows a better activation of the proprioceptive system through increasing the speed of afferent estimate. The intervention of this study shows that the use of the KJ has significant equipment to maintain postural stability near control values benefits. However, further studies are needed, due to lack of evidence of the parameters of this equipment and the small number in our sample.

Is Decorin a Promising New Agent for Facial Nerve Regeneration? An Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zehra Çınar ◽  
Ufuk Emre ◽  
Mehmet Gül ◽  
Özgür Yiğit ◽  
Elshan Mammadov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Axon Diameter ◽  
Compound Muscle Action Potentials ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Group B

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of systemic administration of decorin (DC) on facial nerve (FN) regeneration. Methods: A total of 32 female albino Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control (C) group: no bilateral FN neurorrhaphy (B-FNN), no DC application, sham-operated group: B-FNN without DC application, DC group: DC application without B-FNN, and B-FNN + DC group: B-FNN and DC application. Nerve conduction studies were performed before and after skin incisions at 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th weeks in all groups. The amplitude and latency of compound muscle action potentials were recorded. FN samples were obtained and were investigated under light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. The nerve and axon diameter, number of axons, H score, Schwann cell proliferation, and myelin and axonal degeneration were recorded quantitatively. Results: In the sham group, the 3rd and 5th postoperative week, amplitude values were significantly lower than those of the B-FNN + DC group (p < 0.05). Nerve diameters were found to be significantly larger in the sham, DC, and B-FNN + DC groups than in the C group (p < 0.05). The number of axons, the axon diameter, and the H scores were found to be significantly higher in the B-FNN + DC group than in the sham group (p < 0.05). The Schwann cell proliferation, myelin degeneration, and axonal degeneration scores were significantly lower in the B-FNN + DC group than in the sham group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Electrophysiological and histopathological evaluation revealed the potential benefits provided by DC. This agent may increase FN regeneration.

Gastric emptying of glucose solution and associated plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, and PYY before and after fundoplication

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Miholic ◽  
M. Hoffmann ◽  
J.J. Holst ◽  
J. Lenglinger ◽  
M. Mittlböck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Before And After

Potentiation of Mivacurium Blockade by Low Dose of Pancuronium

2003 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus Motamed ◽  
Riad Menad ◽  
Robert Farinotti ◽  
Krassen Kirov ◽  
Xavier Combes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Orotracheal Intubation ◽  
Plasma Cholinesterase ◽  
Neuromuscular Blocking ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Plasma Cholinesterase Activity ◽  
Before And After

Background Mivacurium is potentiated by pancuronium to a much greater extent than other relaxants. In a previous investigation we suggested that this potentiation could be due to the ability of pancuronium to inhibit plasma cholinesterase activity, but we did not measure plasma concentrations of mivacurium. In the current study we performed a pharmacokinetic analysis by measuring the plasma concentration of mivacurium when preceded by administration of a low dose of pancuronium. Methods After induction of general anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl and orotracheal intubation, 10 patients (pancuronium-mivacurium group) received 15 microg/kg pancuronium followed 3 min later by 0.1 mg/kg mivacurium, whereas 10 other patients (mivacurium group) received saline followed by 0.13 mg/kg mivacurium 3 min later. Plasma cholinesterase activity was measured before and 3 and 30 min after pancuronium dosing in the pancuronium-mivacurium group and was measured before and after administration of saline in the mivacurium group. Arterial plasma concentrations of mivacurium and its metabolites were measured at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 10, 20, and 30 min after injection. Neuromuscular blockade was assessed by mechanomyography. Results Plasma cholinesterase activity decreased by 26% in the pancuronium-mivacurium group 3 min after injection of pancuronium (P &lt; 0.01) and returned to baseline values 30 min later; however, no significant variation was observed in the mivacurium group. The clearances of the two most active isomers (Cis-Trans and Trans-Trans) were lower in the pancuronium-mivacurium group (17.6 +/- 5.1, 14.7 +/- 5.3 ml. min-1. kg-1, respectively) than in the mivacurium group (32.4 +/- 20.2, 24.8 +/- 13.5 ml. min-1. kg-1; P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions A subparalyzing dose of pancuronium decreased plasma cholinesterase activity and the clearance of the two most active isomers of mivacurium. Pancuronium potentiates mivacurium more than other neuromuscular blocking agents because, in addition to its occupancy of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors, it slows down the hydrolysis of mivacurium.

Plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon before and after long-term overfeeding in identical twins

Metabolism ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Oppert ◽  
André Nadeau ◽  
Angelo Tremblay ◽  
Jean-Pierre Després ◽  
Germain Thériault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Changes in blood parameters and electroencephalogram of cattle as affected by different stunning and slaughter methods in cattle

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Zulkifli ◽  
Y. M. Goh ◽  
B. Norbaiyah ◽  
A. Q. Sazili ◽  
M. Lotfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Jugular Veins ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Noradrenaline Concentration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Acth Concentration

The present study aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the effects of penetrative stunning, non-penetrative stunning and post-slaughter stunning on biochemical parameters and electroencephalogram (EEG) associated with stress in heifers and steers. Ten animals were assigned to each of the following four treatment groups: (1) animals were subjected to conventional halal slaughter (a clean incision through the structures on the ventral neck at the approximate level of vertebrae C2–C3 – the trachea, oesophagus, carotid arteries and jugular veins) and post-cut penetrating mechanical stun within 10–20 s of the halal cut (U); (2) high-power non-penetrating mechanical stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (HPNP); (3) low-power non-penetrating mechanical percussive stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (LPNP); and (4) penetrative stunning using a captive-bolt pistol humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (P). For each animal, blood samples and electroencephalogram recordings were taken before stunning, post-stunning (if applicable) and post-slaughter, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), adrenaline, noradrenaline and β-endorphin were determined. Irrespective of the stunning method, except for percentage change in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, the values of blood parameters attained before and after stunning were not significantly different. The plasma noradrenaline concentration of the HPNP animals was significantly elevated following stunning. Following slaughter, the percentage change of plasma ACTH concentration in the P animals was significantly elevated. Neither stunning method nor sampling time had a significant effect on plasma β-endorphin concentration. On the basis of the EEG results, penetrative stunning seemed to be better in maximising the possibility of post-stunning insensibility, whereas U animals appeared to demonstrate an evident increase in EEG activity which is consistent with the presence of post-slaughter noxious stimuli associated with tissue cut and injury. The U animals had consistently higher, if not the highest, RMS values than did other stunned animals. This indicates a degree of EEG changes associated with stress and pain. On the basis of EEG data, our results suggested that penetrative stunning would be the most reliable method of ensuring insensibility and minimising pain. However, at slaughter, the P animals showed a dramatic elevation in the percentage change of circulating ACTH, suggesting physiological stress response. On a cautionary note, the results are not unequivocal, and it may be that the range of analyses available to researchers at this point of time are not sufficiently specific to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn.

scholarly journals High-resistance training and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. E489-E496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Goreham ◽  
H. J. Green ◽  
M. Ball-Burnett ◽  
D. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

To investigate the hypothesis that changes in muscle submaximal exercise metabolism would occur as a result of fiber hypertrophy, induced by high-resistance training (HRT), active but untrained males (age 20 ± 0.7 yr; mean ± SE) performed lower-limb weight training 3 days/wk for 12 wk using three sets of 6–8 repetitions maximal (RM)/day. Muscle metabolism was examined at different stages of training (4, 7, and 12 wk) using a two-stage continuous cycle test performed at the same absolute power output and duration (56.4 ± 2.9 min) and representing 57 and 72% of pretraining peak aerobic power (V˙o 2 peak). Compared with pretraining, at the end of exercise, HRT resulted in a higher ( P < 0.05) phosphocreatine (PCr; 27.4 ± 6.7 vs. 38.0 ± 1.9 mmol/kg dry wt), a lower lactate (38.9 ± 8.5 vs. 24.4 ± 6.1 mmol/kg dry wt), and a higher ( P < 0.05) glycogen content (132 ± 11 vs. 181 ± 7.5 mmol glucosyl units/kg dry wt). The percent change from rest before and after training was 63 and 50% for PCr, 676 and 410% for lactate, and 60 and 43% for glycogen, respectively. These adaptations, which were observed only at 72%V˙o 2 peak, occurred by 4 wk of training in the case of PCr and glycogen and before any changes in fiber cross-sectional area, capillarization, or oxidative potential. Fiber hypertrophy, observed at 7 and 12 wk of training, failed to potentiate the metabolic response. No effect of HRT was found onV˙o 2 peak with training (41.2 ± 2.9 vs. 41.0 ± 2.1 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) or on the steady-state, submaximal exercise rate of oxygen consumption. It is concluded that the HRT results in muscle metabolic adaptations that occur independently of fiber hypertrophy.

Human kidney and liver gluconeogenesis: evidence for organ substrate selectivity

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. E817-E826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stumvoll ◽  
Christian Meyer ◽  
Gabriele Perriello ◽  
Maryl Kreider ◽  
Stephen Welle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Substrate Selectivity ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Glucose Release ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Before And After

To assess the contribution of the human kidney to gluconeogenesis (GN) and its role in conversion of glutamine and alanine to glucose, we used a combination of isotopic and organ balance techniques in nine normal postabsorptive volunteers and measured both overall and renal incorporation of these precursors into glucose before and after infusion of epinephrine. In the postabsorptive basal state, renal incorporation of glutamine (27 ± 2 μmol/min) and alanine (2.1 ± 0.5 μmol/min) into glucose accounted for 72.8 ± 3.3 and 3.9 ± 0.5% of their overall incorporation into glucose (37 ± 2 and 51 ± 6 μmol/min, respectively) and 19.0 ± 3.5 and 1.4 ± 0.2%, respectively, of overall renal glucose release. Infusion of epinephrine, which increased systemic and renal glucose release more than twofold ( P< 0.001), increased overall glutamine and alanine incorporation into glucose (both P < 0.001) and increased renal GN from glutamine ( P< 0.001) but not from alanine ( P = 0.15). Renal glutamine GN now accounted for 90.3 ± 4.0% of overall glutamine GN ( P = 0.01 vs. basal), whereas renal alanine GN still accounted for only 4.8 ± 1.7% of overall alanine GN ( P = 0.36 vs. basal). With the assumption that kidney and liver are the only gluconeogenic organs in humans, these results indicate that glutamine GN occurs primarily in kidney, whereas alanine GN occurs almost exclusively in liver. Isotopic studies of glutamine and alanine incorporation into plasma glucose may provide a selective, noninvasive method to assess hepatic and renal GN.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document