scholarly journals Impact of nonpharmaceutical strategies on trends of COVID-19 in São Paulo State

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Cristiane Ravagnani Fortaleza ◽  
Thomas Nogueira Vilches ◽  
Gabriel Berg de Almeida ◽  
Claudia Pio Ferreira ◽  
Lenice do Rosário de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mandatory Use

Interrupted time series analyses were conducted to measure the impact of social distancing policies (instituted on March 22, 2020) and of subsequent mandatory masking in the community (instituted on May 4, 2020) on the incidence and effective reproductive number of COVID-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil. Overall, the impact of social distancing both on incidence and Rt was greater than the incremental effect of mandatory masking. Those findings may reflect either a small impact of face masking or the loosening of social distancing after mandatory use of masks.

scholarly journals Impact of nonpharmaceutical governmental strategies for prevention and control of COVID-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Ravagnani Fortaleza ◽  
Thomas Nogueira Vilches ◽  
Gabriel Berg de Almeida ◽  
Claudia Pio Ferreira ◽  
Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Interrupted time series analyses (ITSA) were performed to measure the impact of social distancing policies (instituted 22/03/2020) and subsequent mandatory masking in the community (instituted 04/05/2020) on the incidence and effective reproductive number (Rt) of COVID-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil. Overall, the impact of social distancing both on incidence and Rt was greater than the incremental effect of mandatory masking. Those findings may reflect either a small impact of face masking or the loosening of social distancing after mandatory use of masks.

scholarly journals The impact of being homeless on the unsuccessful outcome of treatment of pulmonary TB in São Paulo State, Brazil

BMC Medicine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Otavio T. Ranzani ◽  
Carlos R. R. Carvalho ◽  
Eliseu A. Waldman ◽  
Laura C. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals 1218Estimating the causal effect of mobility on Dengue during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstin Roster ◽  
Colm Connaughton ◽  
Francisco A Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to a reduction in human mobility which occurred randomly (in time) and is not linked to any other Dengue risk factors. This gives rise to a quasi-experimental situation to assess the impact of mobility reduction on Dengue Fever in Brazilian cities using propensity score matching. Methods We match weeks during the peak pandemic period for 37 cities in São Paulo state with comparable prior periods based on instruments for mosquito population size and human susceptibility. By matching within cities, we also control for city-level characteristics, such as landscape or population density. We compute propensity scores using logistic regression and Random Forests and implement both one-to-one and one-to-many matching with calipers. Results We compare the Sample Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (SATT) across models and find variation in the direction of the causal effect. In 12 cities, mobility reductions are linked to more Dengue cases, while fewer cases are reported in 9 cities. The remaining cities are sensitive to the model chosen. Conclusions The SATT of mobility on Dengue varies across the cities in our sample, with more cities experiencing an increase in cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key messages A quasi-experimental analysis suggests that there is a a causal effect of mobility on Dengue that varies across cities in São Paulo state.

scholarly journals Association between particulate matter air pollution and monthly inhalation and nebulization procedures in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1591-1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estela Cristina Carneseca ◽  
Jorge Alberto Achcar ◽  
Edson Zangiacomi Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The study was designed to investigate the impact of air pollution on monthly inhalation/nebulization procedures in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2004 to 2010. To assess the relationship between the procedures and particulate matter (PM10) a Bayesian Poisson regression model was used, including a random factor that captured extra-Poisson variability between counts. Particulate matter was associated with the monthly number of inhalation/nebulization procedures, but the inclusion of covariates (temperature, precipitation, and season of the year) suggests a possible confounding effect. Although other studies have linked particulate matter to an increasing number of visits due to respiratory morbidity, the results of this study suggest that such associations should be interpreted with caution.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2—Evaluating the impact of isolation in São Paulo State (Brazil) and lockdown in Spain associated with protective measures on the epidemic of CoViD-19

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252271
Author(s):  
Hyun Mo Yang ◽  
Luis Pedro Lombardi Junior ◽  
Fábio Fernandes Morato Castro ◽  
Ariana Campos Yang
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
World Health ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (CoViD-19), with the fatality rate in elder (60 years old or more) being much higher than young (60 years old or less) patients, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. A mathematical model considering young and elder subpopulations under different fatality rates was formulated based on the natural history of CoViD-19 to study the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The model considered susceptible, exposed, asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, mild CoViD-19, severe CoViD-19, and recovered compartments, besides compartments of isolated individuals and those who were caught by test. This model was applied to study the epidemiological scenario resulting from the adoption of quarantine (isolation or lockdown) in many countries to control the rapid propagation of CoViD-19. We chose as examples the isolation adopted in São Paulo State (Brazil) in the early phase but not at the beginning of the epidemic, and the lockdown implemented in Spain when the number of severe CoViD-19 cases was increasing rapidly. Based on the data collected from São Paulo State and Spain, the model parameters were evaluated, and we obtained a higher estimation for the basic reproduction number R0 (9.24 for São Paulo State, and 8 for Spain) compared to the currently accepted estimation of R0 around 2 using the SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered compartments) model. In comparison with the lockdown in Spain, the relatively early adoption of the isolation in São Paulo State resulted in enlarging the period of the first wave of the epidemic and delaying its peak. The model allowed to explain the flattening of the epidemic curves by quarantine when associated with the protective measures (face mask, washing hands with alcohol and gel, and social distancing) adopted by the population. The description of the epidemic under quarantine and protections can be a background to foreseen the epidemiological scenarios from the release strategies, which can help guide public health policies by decision-makers.

scholarly journals Social distancing in São Paulo State: demonstrating the reduction in cases using time series analysis of deaths due to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Isolation Index ◽  
São Paulo State

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Demonstrating the results of Social Distancing Strategies (SDS) became a relevant factor to obtain support by the population in São Paulo State and in Brazil. The delay in the processing of PCR tests and the small number of tests available limits the ability of sanitary authorities to make meaningful data available as to the number of cases or the number of deaths due to COVID-19. Methodology: We use a time series analysis of deaths due to COVID-19 referenced to the date of deaths (as opposed to the date in which the test results were obtained). Results: We demonstrate that the SDS adopted in São Paulo City and State clearly brought meaningful results to delay the growth of COVID-19 cases. We also show that by using this type of time series it is possible to identify different trends for regions, allowing for targeted approaches. Additionally, by using a time series which is death-oriented makes it possible to identify, for São Paulo City, the effects of the SDS with the Social Isolation Index (SII) adopted in the state and to make a gross estimate for the SII, which prevents the growth of the disease. Conclusion: The use of a time series of deaths due to COVID-19 referenced to the date of the event allows a better understanding of the effects of the SDS on the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic in São Paulo State, Brazil.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ″ Evaluating the impact of isolation in São Paulo State (Brazil) and lockdown in Spain associated with protective measures on the epidemic of covid-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Mo Yang ◽  
Luis Pedro Lombardi ◽  
Fabio Fernandes Morato Castro ◽  
Ariana Campos Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
World Health ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), with the fatality rate in elder (60 years old or more) being much higher than young (60 years old or less) patients, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Taking into account this age-dependent fatality rate, a mathematical model considering young and elder subpopulations was formulated based on the natural history of covid-19 to study the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. This model can be applied to study the epidemiological scenario resulting from the adoption of isolation or lockdown in many countries to control the rapid propagation of covid-19. We chose as examples the isolation adopted in São Paulo State (Brazil) in the early phase but not at the beginning of the epidemic, and the lockdown implemented in Spain when the number of severe covid-19 cases was increasing rapidly. Based on the data collected from Sa ̃o Paulo State and Spain, the model parameters were evaluated and we obtained higher estimation for the basic reproduction number R0 (9.24 for São Paulo State, and 8 for Spain) compared to the currently accepted estimation of R0 around 3. The model allowed to explain the flattening of the epidemic curves by isolation in São Paulo State and lockdown in Spain when associated with the protective measures (face mask and social distancing) adopted by the population. However, a simplified mathematical model providing lower estimation for R0 did not explain the flattening of the epidemic curves. The implementation of the isolation in Sa ̃o Paulo State before the rapidly increasing phase of the epidemic enlarged the period of the first wave of the epidemic and delayed its peak, which are the desirable results of isolation to avoid the overloading in the health care system.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of the Green-Blue Municipality Program on Human Health in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-97
Author(s):  
Henrique dos Santos Maxir ◽  
Maria Cristina Galvão ◽  
Rayssa Alexandre Costa ◽  
Iara Maria da Silveira ◽  
Alexandre Nunes de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The Green-Blue Municipality Program (GBMP) was implemented in 2008 by the government of São Paulo State, Brazil. This program has as main goal to improve the environmental quality through actions based on ecofriendly directives. This study evaluates the impact of GBMP certification on hospitalizations regarding air quality and cases of diseases due to contact with contaminated water in São Paulo State from 2007 to 2015. This analysis focuses on the effects of post-certification, then pre-certification effects are not identified, classifying this analysis as partial. The identification strategies used were Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-Differences. Estimates suggest that no significant reduction in the cases of diseases related to polluted water and air quality is observed in municipalities that received the GBMP certificate in initial years.

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